Pronouns

Revision as of 13:35, 7 December 2009

To be represented:

• as pronoun attributes assigned to the null UW, in case of exophora (i.e., when reference is made to an extra-sentential referent); and
• by their referents in case of endophora (i.e., when reference is made to an intra-sentential referent, which may come either before (anaphora) or after (cataphora) the pronoun).

Personal pronouns

To be represented as 00.@1 (first person), 00.@2 (second person) and 00.@3 (third person), as follows:

00.@1 - the speaker

I (en), me (en), we (en), us (en), je (fr), on (fr), nous (fr);

00.@2 - the addressee

you (en), tu (fr), vous (fr);

00.@3 - other

he (en), she (en), it (en), they (en), il (fr), elle (fr), ils (fr), elles (fr).

They can be modified by the following attributes:

Number

@pl (00.@1.@pl = we (en);

Gender

@male (00.@3.@male = he)

@female (00.@3.@female = she)

@neutral (00.@3.@neutral = it)

Social Deixis

@polite (00.@2.@polite = vous (fr))

Discourse

@emphasis (00.@1.@emphasis = I [did it] myself)

Dummy (semantically empty) pronouns (used when grammatical rules require a noun), such as in "It is raining", must not be represented.

Possessive pronouns

To be represented as Personal Pronouns as the target argument of a relation "POS".

My book = pos(book, 00.@1)

Demonstrative Pronouns

To be represented as "00.@proximal" (proximal), "00.@medial" (medial) and "00.@distal" (distal).

00.@proximal

used to refer to the person, thing or event present, nearby, just mentioned or about to be said.

this, these (en): This is my cat. These are my tools.

ceci, celui-ci, celle-ci, ceux-ci, celles-ci (fr): Tout ceci ne me plaît guère.

éste, estos, ésta, éstas (es)

00.@medial

used to refer to the one designated, implied, mentioned, or understood.

that, those (en): What kind of soup is that?

cela, celui-là, celle-là, ceux-là, celles-là (fr): Qui c'est celui-là?

aquél, aquéllos, aquélla, aquéllas (es)

00.@distal

used to refer to something near the addresse.

that, those (en): What kind of soup is that?

cela, celui-là, celle-là, ceux-là, celles-là (fr): Qui c'est celui-là?

ése, ésos, ésa, esas (es)

Indefinite pronouns

To be represented by the null UW and the corresponding attributes.

• all = 00.@all
• another = 00.@other
• any = 00.@any
• anybody = 00.@any.@person
• anyone == 00.@any
• anything == 00.@any.@thing
• both = 00.@both
• each == 00.@each.
• either == 00.@either
• everybody == 00.@every.@person
• everyone == 00.@every
• everything == 00.@every.@thing
• few = 00.@paucal
• fewer = 00.@paucal.@less
• less = 00.@paucal
• little = 00.@paucal
• many = 00.@multal
• more = 00.@more
• most = 00.@most
• much = 00.@neither
• no one = 00.@not
• nobody = 00.@not.@person
• none = 00.@not
• nothing = 00.@not.@thing
• one = 00
• other = 00.@other
• others = 00.@other
• plenty = 00.@multal
• several = 00.@multal
• some = 00.@some
• somebody = 00.@some.@person
• someone = 00.@some
• something = 00.@some.@thing
• such = 00.@such

Relative pronouns

To be represented by the antecedent. The attribute @relative must be assigned to the main entry of the relative clause.

Hunter is the boy who kissed Monique.

aoj(boy, Hunter)

agt(kiss.@relative, boy)

Hunter is the boy to whom Monique gave a gift.

aoj(boy, Hunter)

gol(give.@relative, boy)

Jack built the house in which I now live.

obj(build, house)

plc(live.@relative, house)

Jack is the boy whose friend built my house.

aoj(boy, Jack)

pos(friend, Jack)

agt(build.@relative, friend)

Interrogative pronouns

To be represented by the null UW and the attribute .@wh.

Who is he?

aoj(he, 00.@wh)

Where is he?

plc(he, 00.@wh)

How is he?

man(he, 00.@wh)

Reflexive pronouns

Not to be represented. The attribute @reflexive (Middle voice) should be assigned to the main entry of the clause.

Peter killed himself = agt(kill.@reflexive, Peter) 

Reciprocal pronouns

Not to be represented. The attribute @reciprocal (Middle voice) should be assigned to the main entry of the clause.

The boys killed each other = agt(kill.@reciprocal, boy)