Tense

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'''Tense''' is a category used in the grammatical description of verbs (along with [[aspect]] and [[mood]]), referring primarily to the way the grammar marks the time at which the action denoted by the verb took place.  
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'''Tense''' is a category used in the grammatical description of verbs (along with [[aspect]] and [[mood]]), referring primarily to the way the grammar marks the time at which the action denoted by the verb took place. It can be broadly classified as:
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== Natural language ==
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In synthetic languages, the distinction between grammatical tense, aspect and mood is fuzzy and at times controversial. In order to avoid the problems concerning isolating these categories, which are often amalgamated in a single morpheme, the UNLarium proposes a single [[TAM]] (Tense-Aspect-Mood) typology, to be found [[TAM|here]].
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== UNL ==
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In UNL, tense is to be represented as attributes indicating the actual '''time''' of the event. <br>
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Tenses are broadly classified as:
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*'''absolute tense''': indicates time in relationship to the time of the utterance (i.e. "now").  
 
*'''absolute tense''': indicates time in relationship to the time of the utterance (i.e. "now").  
 
*'''relative tense''': in relationship to some other time, other than the time of utterance.
 
*'''relative tense''': in relationship to some other time, other than the time of utterance.
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The corresponding values are the following:
 
  
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{{#tree:id=unl_tense|openlevels=0|root=Time|
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== Natural language ==
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In the UNLarium framework, the attribute tense is represented by the following hierarchy, where lower levels subsume upper levels:
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{{#tree:id=nl_tense|openlevels=0|root=Tense (TNS)|
 
*absolute tense
 
*absolute tense
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**'''@past''': at a time before the moment of utterance
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**present (PRS): in the present
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**'''@present''': at the moment of utterance
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**past (PAS): in the past
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**'''@future''': at a time after the moment of utterance
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***hesternal past tense (HEP): before yesterday
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**'''@recent''': close to the moment of utterance
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***prehesternal past tense (PEP): before hesternal tense
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**'''@remote''': remote from the moment of utterance
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***hodiernal past tense (HOP): before today
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***prehodiernal past tense (POP): before hodiernal tense
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***immediate past tense (IPT): very recent past
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***nonrecent past tense (NRCP): before recent past
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***recent past tense (RCP): recent past
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***nonremote past tense (NRMP): after remote past
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***remote past tense (RMP): remote past
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**future (FUT): in the future
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***near future (FUN): in the near future
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***remote future (FUR): not in the near future
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**nonpast (NPAS): not in the past
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**nonfuture (NFUT): not in the future
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**still (STL): immediately before the utterance
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**not-yet (NYET): expected to occur in the future
 
*relative tense
 
*relative tense
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**'''@anterior''': before some other time other than the time of utterance
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**relative past (RPT): before an absolute tense
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**'''@posterior''': after some other time other than the time of utterance
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**relative nonpast (NRPT): not before an absolute tense
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**relative present (RPS): at the absolute tense
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**relative future (RFT): after an absolute tense
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**relative nonfuture (NRFT): not after an absolute tense
 
}}
 
}}
  
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;General tenses
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:General tenses, such as simple past or simple future in English, are indicated by the uppermost level of the corresponding branch.
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::English
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:::simple past = PAS
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:::simple future = FUT
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;Relative and absolute-relative tenses are indicated by combining absolute and relative tags through "&":
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:English:
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::past perfect (= past of the past): PAS&RPT
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::future perfect (= past of the future): FUT&RPT
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:French:
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::passé antérieur (= past of the past):  PAS&RPT
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::future antérieur (= past of the future): FUT&RPT
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;Tense, mood and aspect
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:Tense, mood and aspect can be conjoined with "&":
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::aorist: PAS&PFV
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::imperfect (past imperfect): PAS&NPFV
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::present perfect: PRS&PFC
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;Simple and compound tenses
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:The difference between simple and compound forms must be informed only if they represent different alternatives for the same tense. Compounds are indicated through the attribute "CPW":
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::French
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:::passé simple: PAS
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:::passé composé: PAS&CPW
  
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;The UNL representation should indicate the time rather than the grammatical tense of a form.
 
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:There is no simple one-to-one relationship between tense forms and time. In English, for instance, the present (grammatical tense) may be used to represent the future (time)<br>
 
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: I’m going home tomorrow = go.@future.@recent (and not go.@present)
 
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;@present is used to indicate an action at the present and not habits, routines and statements:
 
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:I'm in Frankfurt. = @present
 
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:I always come to school by cycle. = no tense information
 
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:The sun sets in the Occident. = no tense information
 
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;Tense values may be combined.
 
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:I'm going home tomorrow = go.@future.@recent
 
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:I had been there = @past.@anterior
 
  
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=== Examples ===
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== UNL ==
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In UNL, tense is to be represented by [[time|time attributes]].
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== Examples ==
 
List of grammatical tenses:
 
List of grammatical tenses:
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*[[English grammar#tenses|English tenses]]
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*[[English grammar#Verb forms|English tenses]]
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*[[French grammar#tenses|French tenses]]
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*[[French grammar#Verb forms|French tenses]]

Latest revision as of 21:34, 23 June 2010

Tense is a category used in the grammatical description of verbs (along with aspect and mood), referring primarily to the way the grammar marks the time at which the action denoted by the verb took place. It can be broadly classified as:

  • absolute tense: indicates time in relationship to the time of the utterance (i.e. "now").
  • relative tense: in relationship to some other time, other than the time of utterance.


Natural language

In the UNLarium framework, the attribute tense is represented by the following hierarchy, where lower levels subsume upper levels:

General tenses
General tenses, such as simple past or simple future in English, are indicated by the uppermost level of the corresponding branch.
English
simple past = PAS
simple future = FUT
Relative and absolute-relative tenses are indicated by combining absolute and relative tags through "&"
English:
past perfect (= past of the past): PAS&RPT
future perfect (= past of the future): FUT&RPT
French:
passé antérieur (= past of the past): PAS&RPT
future antérieur (= past of the future): FUT&RPT
Tense, mood and aspect
Tense, mood and aspect can be conjoined with "&":
aorist: PAS&PFV
imperfect (past imperfect): PAS&NPFV
present perfect: PRS&PFC
Simple and compound tenses
The difference between simple and compound forms must be informed only if they represent different alternatives for the same tense. Compounds are indicated through the attribute "CPW":
French
passé simple: PAS
passé composé: PAS&CPW


UNL

In UNL, tense is to be represented by time attributes.

Examples

List of grammatical tenses:

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