Tagset
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The set of features in a UNL-driven dictionary depends on the structure of the natural language and may vary a lot. However, in order to better standardize lexical resources inside the UNL framework, the UNDL Foundation recommends the adoption of the following tags for some specific and pervasive grammatical phenomena. Several of those linguistic constants have been already proposed to the '''Data Category Registry''' (ISO 12620), and represent widely accepted linguistic concepts. Our main intention here is just to provide a harmonized system to be shared by the UNL community so as to make dictionaries as easily understandable as possible. | The set of features in a UNL-driven dictionary depends on the structure of the natural language and may vary a lot. However, in order to better standardize lexical resources inside the UNL framework, the UNDL Foundation recommends the adoption of the following tags for some specific and pervasive grammatical phenomena. Several of those linguistic constants have been already proposed to the '''Data Category Registry''' (ISO 12620), and represent widely accepted linguistic concepts. Our main intention here is just to provide a harmonized system to be shared by the UNL community so as to make dictionaries as easily understandable as possible. | ||
− | == | + | == General Guidelines == |
In order to define the tags to be used in the UNL Tagset, the following premises were adopted: | In order to define the tags to be used in the UNL Tagset, the following premises were adopted: | ||
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The resulting set of tags, which is still subject to additions and revisions, is presented below. For the time being, the definitions and examples have been extracted out of the ''Glossary of Linguistic Terms'' (Loos et alii), available at [http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/ SIL International], and are expected to migrate to an online environment, still under construction, where accredited linguists will have the opportunity of improving this repertoire. | The resulting set of tags, which is still subject to additions and revisions, is presented below. For the time being, the definitions and examples have been extracted out of the ''Glossary of Linguistic Terms'' (Loos et alii), available at [http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/ SIL International], and are expected to migrate to an online environment, still under construction, where accredited linguists will have the opportunity of improving this repertoire. | ||
+ | |||
+ | == List of tags (in alphabetical order) | ||
+ | |||
+ | 1PP | ||
+ | First person plural | ||
+ | Deictic reference that refers to both the speaker and referents grouped with the speaker. | ||
+ | we | ||
+ | 1PS | ||
+ | First person singular | ||
+ | Deictic reference that refers to the speaker. | ||
+ | I | ||
+ | 2PP | ||
+ | Second person plural | ||
+ | Deictic reference to more than one referent identified as addressee. | ||
+ | you | ||
+ | 2PS | ||
+ | Second person singular | ||
+ | Deictic reference to a single referent identified as addressee. | ||
+ | you | ||
+ | 3PP | ||
+ | Third person plural | ||
+ | Deictic reference to more than one referent not identified as the speaker or addressee. | ||
+ | they | ||
+ | 3PS | ||
+ | Third person singular | ||
+ | Deictic reference to a single referent not identified as the speaker or addressee. | ||
+ | he | ||
+ | AA | ||
+ | Adjunct to an adverb | ||
+ | An optional constituent of an adverbial phrase. | ||
+ | |||
+ | AB | ||
+ | Adverbial Phrase (Intermediate Projection) | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ABB | ||
+ | Abbreviation | ||
+ | |||
+ | Dr. | ||
+ | ABE | ||
+ | Abessive | ||
+ | A case that expresses the lack or absence of the referent of the noun it marks | ||
+ | |||
+ | ABL | ||
+ | Ablative | ||
+ | A case that indicates movement from something, and/or cause | ||
+ | |||
+ | ABS | ||
+ | Abstract | ||
+ | A noun that denotes something viewed as a nonmaterial referent | ||
+ | |||
+ | AC | ||
+ | Complement of an adverb | ||
+ | A phrasal or clausal category which is selected (subcategorized) by the head of a phrase. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ACAS | ||
+ | Assigns Case | ||
+ | Used to indicate case agreement | ||
+ | |||
+ | ACC | ||
+ | Accusative | ||
+ | A case that indicates the direct object of a verb | ||
+ | him (in I saw him) | ||
+ | ACR | ||
+ | Acronym | ||
+ | |||
+ | UNL | ||
+ | ACT | ||
+ | Acts or actions | ||
+ | Nouns denoting acts or actions | ||
+ | |||
+ | ACV | ||
+ | Active voice | ||
+ | When the subject is the agent or actor of the verb. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ADJ | ||
+ | Adjective | ||
+ | Modifiers of nouns. | ||
+ | beautiful | ||
+ | ADV | ||
+ | Adverb | ||
+ | Modifiers of verbs and other constituent classes. | ||
+ | beautifully | ||
+ | AGEN | ||
+ | Assigns Gender | ||
+ | Used to indicate gender agreement | ||
+ | |||
+ | ALL | ||
+ | Allative | ||
+ | A case that expresses motion to or toward the referent of the noun it marks. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ANL | ||
+ | Animal | ||
+ | Nouns denoting animals | ||
+ | |||
+ | ANM | ||
+ | Animate | ||
+ | Indicates an animate reference | ||
+ | he, she | ||
+ | ANUM | ||
+ | Assigns Number | ||
+ | Used to indicate number agreement | ||
+ | |||
+ | AP | ||
+ | Adverbial Phrase (Maximal Projection) | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | APER | ||
+ | Assigns Person | ||
+ | Used to indicate person agreement | ||
+ | |||
+ | ARF | ||
+ | Artifact | ||
+ | Nouns denoting man-made objects | ||
+ | |||
+ | ART | ||
+ | Article | ||
+ | Determiner that identifies a noun's definite or indefinite reference, and new or given status. | ||
+ | the | ||
+ | AS | ||
+ | Specifier of an adverb | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ASL | ||
+ | Absolutive | ||
+ | Case of nouns in ergative-absolutive languages that would generally be the subjects of intransitive verbs or the objects of transitive verbs in the translational equivalents of nominative-accusative languages such as English. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ASP | ||
+ | ASPECT | ||
+ | The grammatical aspect (sometimes called viewpoint aspect) of a verb defines the temporal flow (or lack thereof) in the described event or state. In English, for example, the past-tense sentences "I swam" and "I was swimming" differ in aspect (the first sentence is in what is called the perfective or completive aspect, and the second in what is called the imperfective or durative aspect). | ||
+ | |||
+ | ATST | ||
+ | Ambitransitive | ||
+ | A verb that can be used both as intransitive or as transitive without requiring a morphological change | ||
+ | read | ||
+ | ATT | ||
+ | Attribute | ||
+ | Nouns denoting attributes of people and objects | ||
+ | |||
+ | AUX | ||
+ | Auxiliary verb | ||
+ | A verb which accompanies the lexical verb of a verb phrase, and expresses grammatical distinctions not carried by the lexical verb. | ||
+ | will | ||
+ | BEN | ||
+ | Benefactive | ||
+ | A case that expresses that the referent of the noun it marks receives the benefit of the situation expressed by the clause | ||
+ | |||
+ | BON | ||
+ | Body parts | ||
+ | Nouns denoting body parts | ||
+ | |||
+ | BOV | ||
+ | Body actions | ||
+ | Verbs of grooming, dressing and bodily care | ||
+ | |||
+ | CA | ||
+ | Adjunct to a conjunction | ||
+ | An optional constituent of a complementizer phrase. | ||
+ | |||
+ | CAS | ||
+ | CASE | ||
+ | The case of a noun or pronoun indicates its grammatical function in a greater phrase or clause such as the role of subject or of direct object. | ||
+ | |||
+ | CAU | ||
+ | Causative | ||
+ | A case which expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the cause of the situation expressed by the clause. | ||
+ | |||
+ | CB | ||
+ | Conjunctional Phrase (Intermediate Projection) | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | CC | ||
+ | Complement of a conjunction | ||
+ | A phrasal or clausal category which is selected (subcategorized) by the head of a phrase. | ||
+ | |||
+ | CDN | ||
+ | Cardinal numeral | ||
+ | A numeral of the class whose members are considered basic in form, are used in counting, and in expressing how many objects are referred to. | ||
+ | two | ||
+ | CGN | ||
+ | Cognition nouns | ||
+ | Nouns denoting cognitive processes and contents | ||
+ | |||
+ | CGV | ||
+ | Cognition verbs | ||
+ | Verbs of thinking, judging, analyzing, doubting | ||
+ | |||
+ | CHA | ||
+ | Change | ||
+ | Verbs of size, temperature change, intensifying, etc. | ||
+ | |||
+ | CIR | ||
+ | Circumposition | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | CMN | ||
+ | Communication nouns | ||
+ | Nouns denoting communicative processes and contents | ||
+ | |||
+ | CMP | ||
+ | Comparative | ||
+ | An adjective that compares the quality with that of another of its kind | ||
+ | better | ||
+ | CMT | ||
+ | Comitative | ||
+ | A case expressing accompaniment. | ||
+ | |||
+ | CMV | ||
+ | Communication verbs | ||
+ | Verbs of telling, asking, ordering, singing | ||
+ | |||
+ | CON | ||
+ | Conditional mood | ||
+ | The form of the verb used in conditional sentences to refer to a hypothetical state of affairs, or an uncertain event that is contingent on another set of circumstances. | ||
+ | |||
+ | COO | ||
+ | Coordinating conjunction | ||
+ | A conjunction that links constituents without syntactically subordinating one to the other. | ||
+ | and | ||
+ | COP | ||
+ | Copula | ||
+ | An intransitive verb which links a subject to a noun phrase adjective, or other constituent which expresses the predicate. | ||
+ | be (to be) | ||
+ | CP | ||
+ | Conjunctional Phrase (Maximal Projection) | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | CPR | ||
+ | Reciprocal pronoun | ||
+ | A reciprocal pronoun is a pronoun that expresses a mutual feeling or action among the referents of a plural subject. | ||
+ | They hit [each other]. | ||
+ | CPT | ||
+ | Competition | ||
+ | Verbs of fighting, athletic activities | ||
+ | |||
+ | CRE | ||
+ | Creation | ||
+ | Verbs of sewing, baking, painting, performing | ||
+ | |||
+ | CS | ||
+ | Specifier of a conjunction | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | CSP | ||
+ | Consumption | ||
+ | Verbs of eating and drinking | ||
+ | |||
+ | CTC | ||
+ | Contact | ||
+ | Verbs of touching, hitting, tying, digging | ||
+ | |||
+ | CTN | ||
+ | Continuative | ||
+ | |||
+ | I am still eating. | ||
+ | CTT | ||
+ | Contraction | ||
+ | |||
+ | don't | ||
+ | DA | ||
+ | Adjunct of a determiner | ||
+ | An optional constituent of a determiner phrase. | ||
+ | |||
+ | DAT | ||
+ | Dative case | ||
+ | A case that indicates the indirect object of a verb | ||
+ | us (in He gave us the book) | ||
+ | DB | ||
+ | Determiner Phrase (Intermediate Projection) | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | DC | ||
+ | Complement of a determiner | ||
+ | A phrasal or clausal category which is selected (subcategorized) by the head of a phrase. | ||
+ | |||
+ | DEF | ||
+ | Definite | ||
+ | Specific and identifiable in a given context | ||
+ | the | ||
+ | DEG | ||
+ | DEGREE | ||
+ | Describes the relational value of one thing with something in another clause of a sentence. | ||
+ | |||
+ | DEL | ||
+ | Delative | ||
+ | A case which expresses motion downward from the referent of the noun it marks. | ||
+ | |||
+ | DEM | ||
+ | Demonstrative | ||
+ | A determiner that is used deictically to indicate a referent's spatial, temporal, or discourse location. | ||
+ | this | ||
+ | DP | ||
+ | Determiner Phrase (Maximal Projection) | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | DS | ||
+ | Specifier of a determiner | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | DTST | ||
+ | Ditransitive | ||
+ | A verb which takes a subject and two objects. | ||
+ | give | ||
+ | DUA | ||
+ | Dual | ||
+ | Number which refers to two members of the class identified by the noun. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ELA | ||
+ | Elative | ||
+ | A case expressing motion out of or away from the referent of the noun it marks. | ||
+ | |||
+ | EMO | ||
+ | Emotion | ||
+ | Verbs of feeling | ||
+ | |||
+ | EPR | ||
+ | Emphatic pronoun | ||
+ | An emphatic pronoun is a personal pronoun that is used to emphasize its referent. | ||
+ | [Moi], je suis Français. | ||
+ | EQU | ||
+ | Equative | ||
+ | A case that expresses likeness or identity to the referent of the noun it marks. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ERG | ||
+ | Ergative | ||
+ | The case of nouns in ergative-absolutive languages that would generally be the subjects of transitive verbs in the translation equivalents of nominative-accusative languages such as English. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ESS | ||
+ | Essive | ||
+ | A case that expresses the temporary state of the referent specified by a noun. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ET0 | ||
+ | Past event tense | ||
+ | An absolute tense that refers to a time before the moment of utterance. | ||
+ | was (I was here) | ||
+ | ET1 | ||
+ | Present event tense | ||
+ | Absolute tense that refers to the moment of utterance | ||
+ | am (I am here) | ||
+ | ET2 | ||
+ | Future event tense | ||
+ | An absolute tense that refers to a time after the moment of utterance. | ||
+ | will be (I will be here) | ||
+ | EVT | ||
+ | EVENT TENSE | ||
+ | A temporal linguistic quality expressing the time at, during, or over which a state or action denoted by a verb occurs with reference to the speaker. | ||
+ | |||
+ | FEE | ||
+ | Feelings | ||
+ | Nouns denoting feelings and emotions | ||
+ | |||
+ | FEM | ||
+ | Feminine | ||
+ | A grammatical gender that marks nouns that have human or animal female referents, and often marks nouns that have referents that do not carry distinctions of sex. | ||
+ | she | ||
+ | FOO | ||
+ | Food | ||
+ | Nouns denoting foods and drinks | ||
+ | |||
+ | FPR | ||
+ | Reflexive pronoun | ||
+ | A reflexive pronoun is a pronoun that has coreference with the subject. | ||
+ | He prides [himself] on his appearance. | ||
+ | FRA | ||
+ | Fraction numeral | ||
+ | |||
+ | two thirds | ||
+ | GEN | ||
+ | GENDER | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | GER | ||
+ | Gerund | ||
+ | |||
+ | sleeping | ||
+ | GNT | ||
+ | Genitive | ||
+ | A case in which the referent of the marked noun is the possessor of the referent of another noun. | ||
+ | my | ||
+ | GRO | ||
+ | Group | ||
+ | Nouns denoting groupings of people or objects | ||
+ | |||
+ | HAB | ||
+ | Habitual | ||
+ | An imperfective aspect that expresses the occurrence of an event or state as characteristic of a period of time. | ||
+ | I used to walk. | ||
+ | IA | ||
+ | Adjunct of an inflection | ||
+ | An optional constituent of an inflectional phrase. | ||
+ | |||
+ | IB | ||
+ | Inflectional Phrase (Intermediate Projection) | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | IC | ||
+ | Complement of an inflection | ||
+ | A phrasal or clausal category which is selected (subcategorized) by the head of a phrase. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ICP | ||
+ | Inceptive | ||
+ | |||
+ | I started eating. | ||
+ | ILL | ||
+ | Illative | ||
+ | A case that expresses motion into or direction toward the referent of the noun it marks. | ||
+ | |||
+ | IMP | ||
+ | Imperative | ||
+ | A grammatical mood that expresses direct commands or requests. It is also used to signal a prohibition, permission or any other kind of exhortation. | ||
+ | |||
+ | IND | ||
+ | Indicative | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | INE | ||
+ | Inessive | ||
+ | A case that expresses a location within the referent of the noun it marks. | ||
+ | |||
+ | INF | ||
+ | Infinitive | ||
+ | The base form of a verb generally unmarked for inflectional categories. | ||
+ | be (to be) | ||
+ | INJ | ||
+ | Injunctive | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | INS | ||
+ | Instrumental | ||
+ | A case indicating that the referent of the noun it marks is the means of the accomplishment of the action expressed by the clause. | ||
+ | |||
+ | INX | ||
+ | Infix | ||
+ | Affix that is inserted within a root or stem. | ||
+ | |||
+ | IP | ||
+ | Inflectional Phrase (Maximal Projection) | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | IPR | ||
+ | Interrogative pronoun | ||
+ | A pro-form that is used in questions to stand for the item questioned. | ||
+ | who | ||
+ | IS | ||
+ | Specifier of an inflection | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ITE | ||
+ | Iterative | ||
+ | Aspect that expresses the repetition of an event or state. | ||
+ | I ate it again and again. | ||
+ | ITJ | ||
+ | Interjection | ||
+ | |||
+ | hello | ||
+ | ITST | ||
+ | Indirect transitive | ||
+ | A verb which takes a subject and a single indirect object | ||
+ | |||
+ | JA | ||
+ | Adjunct of an adjective | ||
+ | An optional constituent of an adjective phrase. | ||
+ | |||
+ | JB | ||
+ | Adjective Phrase (Intermediate Projection) | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | JC | ||
+ | Complement of an adjective | ||
+ | A phrasal or clausal category which is selected (subcategorized) by the head of a phrase. | ||
+ | |||
+ | JP | ||
+ | Adjective Phrase (Maximal Projection) | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | JS | ||
+ | Specifier of an adjective | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | LAT | ||
+ | Lative | ||
+ | A case that expresses motion up to the location of, or as far as the referent of the noun it marks. | ||
+ | |||
+ | LCT | ||
+ | Location | ||
+ | Nouns denoting spatial position | ||
+ | |||
+ | LEX | ||
+ | LEXICAL STATUS | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | LOC | ||
+ | Locative | ||
+ | A case that expresses location at the referent of the noun it marks. | ||
+ | |||
+ | MAF | ||
+ | Masculine and feminine | ||
+ | Variable gender | ||
+ | un après-midi = une après-midi | ||
+ | MCL | ||
+ | Masculine | ||
+ | Includes most words that refer to males. | ||
+ | he | ||
+ | MID | ||
+ | Middle voice | ||
+ | A voice that indicates that the subject is the actor and acts upon himself or herself reflexively, or for his or her own benefit. | ||
+ | |||
+ | MOF | ||
+ | Masculine or feminine | ||
+ | Common gender | ||
+ | le pianiste x la pianiste | ||
+ | MOO | ||
+ | MOOD | ||
+ | A verb mood typically used in dependent clauses to express wishes, commands, emotion, possibility, judgment, opinion, necessity, or statements that are contrary to fact at present. | ||
+ | |||
+ | MOT | ||
+ | Motion | ||
+ | Verbs of walking, flying, swimming | ||
+ | |||
+ | MOV | ||
+ | Modal verb | ||
+ | |||
+ | can | ||
+ | MTV | ||
+ | Motive | ||
+ | Nouns denoting goals | ||
+ | |||
+ | MTW | ||
+ | Multiword expression | ||
+ | Any string comprising more than a word | ||
+ | United States of America | ||
+ | MUL | ||
+ | Multiplicative numeral | ||
+ | A numeral that expresses how many fold or how many times. | ||
+ | |||
+ | NA | ||
+ | Adjunct of a noun | ||
+ | An optional constituent of a noun phrase. | ||
+ | |||
+ | NABS | ||
+ | Non-abstract (concrete) | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | NANM | ||
+ | Inanimate | ||
+ | Indicates an inanimate reference | ||
+ | it | ||
+ | NB | ||
+ | Nominal Phrase (Intermediate Projection) | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | NC | ||
+ | Complement of a noun | ||
+ | A phrasal or clausal category which is selected (subcategorized) by the head of a phrase. | ||
+ | |||
+ | NEU | ||
+ | Neuter | ||
+ | Includes mostly words that do not refer to males or females. | ||
+ | it | ||
+ | NEV | ||
+ | Natural events | ||
+ | Nouns denoting natural events | ||
+ | |||
+ | NOB | ||
+ | Natural objects | ||
+ | Nouns denoting natural objects (not man-made) | ||
+ | |||
+ | NOM | ||
+ | Nominative | ||
+ | Indicates the subject of a finite verb. | ||
+ | I (in I saw him) | ||
+ | NOU | ||
+ | Noun | ||
+ | |||
+ | beauty | ||
+ | NP | ||
+ | Nominal Phrase (Maximal Projection) | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | NPFC | ||
+ | Imperfective | ||
+ | An event in the process of unfolding (often a repeated or habitual event) | ||
+ | I was swimming. | ||
+ | NPR | ||
+ | Indefinite pronoun | ||
+ | An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun that belongs to a class whose members indicate indefinite reference. | ||
+ | anybody, one, somebody | ||
+ | NS | ||
+ | Specifier of a noun | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | NTST | ||
+ | Intransitive | ||
+ | A verb that does not take an object | ||
+ | fall | ||
+ | NUM | ||
+ | NUMBER | ||
+ | A grammatical category of nouns, pronouns, and adjective and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ONB | ||
+ | Ordinal numeral | ||
+ | A numeral belonging to a class whose members designate positions in a sequence. | ||
+ | second | ||
+ | OPT | ||
+ | Optative | ||
+ | A grammatical mood that indicates a wish or hope. | ||
+ | |||
+ | PA | ||
+ | Adjunct of a preposition | ||
+ | An optional constituent of a prepositional phrase. | ||
+ | |||
+ | PAR | ||
+ | Partitive | ||
+ | A case that expresses the partial nature of the referent of the noun it marks, as opposed to expressing the whole unit or class of which the referent is a part. | ||
+ | |||
+ | PAU | ||
+ | Paucal | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | PAV | ||
+ | Passive voice | ||
+ | When the subject is the patient, target or undergoer of the action. | ||
+ | |||
+ | PB | ||
+ | Prepositional Phrase (Intermediate Projection) | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | PC | ||
+ | Complement of a preposition | ||
+ | A phrasal or clausal category which is selected (subcategorized) by the head of a phrase. | ||
+ | |||
+ | PCP | ||
+ | Perception | ||
+ | Verbs of seeing, hearing, feeling | ||
+ | |||
+ | PER | ||
+ | PERSON | ||
+ | A deictic reference to a participant in an event, such as the speaker, the addressee, or others. | ||
+ | |||
+ | PFC | ||
+ | Perfective | ||
+ | A single event conceived as a unit | ||
+ | I swam. | ||
+ | PFX | ||
+ | Prefix | ||
+ | Affix that is joined before a root or stem. | ||
+ | un | ||
+ | PGS | ||
+ | Progressive | ||
+ | Continuous aspect that expresses processes, not states. | ||
+ | I am eating. | ||
+ | PHE | ||
+ | Natural phenomena | ||
+ | Nouns denoting natural phenomena | ||
+ | |||
+ | PLA | ||
+ | Plant | ||
+ | Nouns denoting plants | ||
+ | |||
+ | PLR | ||
+ | Plural | ||
+ | Number that expresses reference to a quantity greater than that expressed by the largest specific number category in a language, such as "more than one" in English, and "more than two" in some other languages. | ||
+ | they | ||
+ | PLT | ||
+ | Prolative | ||
+ | A case that expresses motion along or by the referent of the noun it marks. | ||
+ | |||
+ | PON | ||
+ | Possession | ||
+ | Nouns denoting possession and transfer of possession | ||
+ | |||
+ | POS | ||
+ | PART OF SPEECH | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | POV | ||
+ | Possession | ||
+ | Verbs of buying, selling, owning | ||
+ | |||
+ | PP | ||
+ | Prepositional Phrase (Maximal Projection) | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | PPL | ||
+ | Prepositional | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | PPN | ||
+ | Proper noun | ||
+ | Noun that is the name of a specific individual, place, or object. | ||
+ | Geneva | ||
+ | PPR | ||
+ | Personal pronoun | ||
+ | A personal pronoun is a pronoun that expresses a distinction of person deixis. | ||
+ | I, he, she, it, we | ||
+ | PPS | ||
+ | Postposition | ||
+ | Adposition that occurs after its complement. | ||
+ | |||
+ | PPT | ||
+ | Prospective | ||
+ | |||
+ | I am about to eat. | ||
+ | PRE | ||
+ | Preposition | ||
+ | Adposition that occurs before its complement. | ||
+ | against | ||
+ | PRO | ||
+ | Natural processes | ||
+ | Nouns denoting natural processes | ||
+ | |||
+ | PRS | ||
+ | Person | ||
+ | Nouns denoting people | ||
+ | |||
+ | PS | ||
+ | Specififer in Prepositional Phrase | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | PST | ||
+ | Positive | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | PTC | ||
+ | Particle | ||
+ | A word that does not belong to one of the main classes of words is invariable in form, and typically has grammatical or pragmatic meaning. | ||
+ | to | ||
+ | PTP | ||
+ | Participle | ||
+ | A lexical item, derived from a verb, that has some of the characteristics and functions of both verbs and adjectives. | ||
+ | done | ||
+ | QDR | ||
+ | Quadrual | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | QTT | ||
+ | Quantity | ||
+ | Nouns denoting quantities and units of measure | ||
+ | |||
+ | QUA | ||
+ | Quantifier | ||
+ | A determiner that expresses a referent's definite or indefinite number or amount. | ||
+ | every | ||
+ | RCAS | ||
+ | Receives Case | ||
+ | Used in case agreement. | ||
+ | |||
+ | REL | ||
+ | Relation | ||
+ | Nouns denoting relations between people or things or ideas | ||
+ | |||
+ | RGEN | ||
+ | Receives Gender | ||
+ | Used in gender agreement. | ||
+ | |||
+ | RNUM | ||
+ | Receives Number | ||
+ | Used in number agreement. | ||
+ | |||
+ | RPER | ||
+ | Receives Person | ||
+ | Used in person agreement. | ||
+ | |||
+ | RPR | ||
+ | Relative pronoun | ||
+ | A relative pronoun is a pronoun that marks a relative clause, functions grammatically within the relative clause, and is coreferential to the word modified by the relative clause. | ||
+ | The man [who] comes next | ||
+ | RT0 | ||
+ | Past reference tense | ||
+ | |||
+ | had been (I had been here) | ||
+ | RT1 | ||
+ | Present reference tense | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | RT2 | ||
+ | Future reference tense | ||
+ | A relative tense tense that refers to a temporal reference point located in the future. | ||
+ | would had been (I would had been there) | ||
+ | RTE | ||
+ | REFERENCE TENSE | ||
+ | A temporal linguistic quality expressing the time at, during, or over which a state or action denoted by a verb occurs with reference to another state or action. | ||
+ | |||
+ | SBS | ||
+ | Substance | ||
+ | Nouns denoting substances | ||
+ | |||
+ | SBW | ||
+ | Subword (bound morpheme) | ||
+ | Any string smaller than a word (a root, a stem, etc) | ||
+ | bab (baby) | ||
+ | SCJ | ||
+ | Subordinanting conjunction | ||
+ | A conjunction that links constructions by making one of them a constituent of another. | ||
+ | if | ||
+ | SEM | ||
+ | SEMANTIC FEATURES | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | SFX | ||
+ | Suffix | ||
+ | Affix that is attached to the end of a root or stem. | ||
+ | s | ||
+ | SHA | ||
+ | Shape | ||
+ | Nouns denoting two and three dimensional shapes | ||
+ | |||
+ | SNG | ||
+ | Singular | ||
+ | Number that refers to one member of a designated class. | ||
+ | he | ||
+ | SOC | ||
+ | Social | ||
+ | Verbs of political and social activities and events | ||
+ | |||
+ | SP | ||
+ | Sentence Phrase (Maximal Projection) | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | SPE | ||
+ | Superessive | ||
+ | A case that expresses location on the referent of the noun it marks. | ||
+ | |||
+ | SPR | ||
+ | Posessive pronoun | ||
+ | A possessive pronoun is a pronoun that expresses ownership and relationships like ownership, such as kinship, and other forms of association. | ||
+ | my, mine | ||
+ | STA | ||
+ | State | ||
+ | Nouns denoting stable states of affairs | ||
+ | |||
+ | STT | ||
+ | Stative | ||
+ | Verbs of being, having, spatial relations | ||
+ | |||
+ | SUB | ||
+ | Subjunctive | ||
+ | A verb mood typically used in dependent clauses to express wishes, commands, emotion, possibility, judgment, opinion, necessity, or statements that are contrary to fact at present | ||
+ | |||
+ | SUP | ||
+ | Superlative | ||
+ | An adjective that compares the quality with many or all others of its kind | ||
+ | best | ||
+ | SYN | ||
+ | SYNTACTIC ROLES | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | TER | ||
+ | Terminative | ||
+ | |||
+ | I finished eating. | ||
+ | TIM | ||
+ | Time | ||
+ | Nouns denoting time and temporal relations | ||
+ | |||
+ | TLT | ||
+ | Translative | ||
+ | A case indicating that the referent of the noun, or the quality of the adjective, that it marks is the result of a process of change. | ||
+ | |||
+ | TRA | ||
+ | TRANSITIVITY | ||
+ | A property of verbs that relates to whether a verb can take direct objects. | ||
+ | |||
+ | TRI | ||
+ | Trial | ||
+ | A number that refers to three members of the designated class. | ||
+ | |||
+ | TST | ||
+ | Direct transitive | ||
+ | A verb which takes a subject and a single direct object | ||
+ | kiss | ||
+ | TTST | ||
+ | Tritransitive | ||
+ | A verb which takes a subject and three objects. | ||
+ | trade | ||
+ | VA | ||
+ | Adjunct of a verb | ||
+ | An optional constituent of a verbal phrase. | ||
+ | |||
+ | VAL | ||
+ | VALENCY | ||
+ | Verb valency or valence refers to the number of arguments controlled by a verbal predicate. | ||
+ | |||
+ | VAL0 | ||
+ | Avalent | ||
+ | An avalent verb takes no arguments | ||
+ | rain | ||
+ | VAL1 | ||
+ | Monovalent | ||
+ | A monovalent verb takes one argument | ||
+ | sleep | ||
+ | VAL2 | ||
+ | Divalent | ||
+ | A verb which takes two arguments | ||
+ | eat | ||
+ | VAL3 | ||
+ | Trivalent | ||
+ | A trivalent verb takes three arguments | ||
+ | give | ||
+ | VAL4 | ||
+ | Tetravalent | ||
+ | A trivalent verb takes four arguments | ||
+ | |||
+ | VB | ||
+ | Verbal Phrase (Intermediate Projection) | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | VC | ||
+ | Complement of a verb | ||
+ | A phrasal or clausal category which is selected (subcategorized) by the head of a phrase. | ||
+ | |||
+ | VER | ||
+ | Verb | ||
+ | |||
+ | buy | ||
+ | VOC | ||
+ | Vocative | ||
+ | A case that marks a noun whose referent is being addressed. | ||
+ | |||
+ | VOI | ||
+ | VOICE | ||
+ | The voice (also called diathesis) of a verb describes the relationship between the action (or state) that the verb expresses and the participants identified by its arguments (subject, object, etc.). | ||
+ | |||
+ | VP | ||
+ | Verbal phrase | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | VS | ||
+ | Specifier of a verb | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | WEA | ||
+ | Weather | ||
+ | Verbs of raining, snowing, thawing, thundering | ||
+ | |||
+ | WRD | ||
+ | Regular word |
Revision as of 17:50, 16 November 2009
The set of features in a UNL-driven dictionary depends on the structure of the natural language and may vary a lot. However, in order to better standardize lexical resources inside the UNL framework, the UNDL Foundation recommends the adoption of the following tags for some specific and pervasive grammatical phenomena. Several of those linguistic constants have been already proposed to the Data Category Registry (ISO 12620), and represent widely accepted linguistic concepts. Our main intention here is just to provide a harmonized system to be shared by the UNL community so as to make dictionaries as easily understandable as possible.
General Guidelines
In order to define the tags to be used in the UNL Tagset, the following premises were adopted:
- Tags should be as few as possible
- Tags should be as short as possible
- Tags should be as mnemonic as possible
These assumptions led us to the following general guidelines:
- Tags should be made of a three-character upper-case string (except for negative values, which should be preceded by "N", such as NPFC = non-perfect);
- Tags should be labelled out of English words;
- Tags should be provided in a attribute-value structure, along with definitions and examples.
The resulting set of tags, which is still subject to additions and revisions, is presented below. For the time being, the definitions and examples have been extracted out of the Glossary of Linguistic Terms (Loos et alii), available at SIL International, and are expected to migrate to an online environment, still under construction, where accredited linguists will have the opportunity of improving this repertoire.
== List of tags (in alphabetical order)
1PP
First person plural Deictic reference that refers to both the speaker and referents grouped with the speaker. we
1PS
First person singular Deictic reference that refers to the speaker. I
2PP
Second person plural Deictic reference to more than one referent identified as addressee. you
2PS
Second person singular Deictic reference to a single referent identified as addressee. you
3PP
Third person plural Deictic reference to more than one referent not identified as the speaker or addressee. they
3PS
Third person singular Deictic reference to a single referent not identified as the speaker or addressee. he
AA
Adjunct to an adverb An optional constituent of an adverbial phrase.
AB
Adverbial Phrase (Intermediate Projection)
ABB
Abbreviation
Dr.
ABE
Abessive A case that expresses the lack or absence of the referent of the noun it marks
ABL
Ablative A case that indicates movement from something, and/or cause
ABS
Abstract A noun that denotes something viewed as a nonmaterial referent
AC
Complement of an adverb A phrasal or clausal category which is selected (subcategorized) by the head of a phrase.
ACAS
Assigns Case Used to indicate case agreement
ACC
Accusative A case that indicates the direct object of a verb him (in I saw him)
ACR
Acronym
UNL
ACT
Acts or actions Nouns denoting acts or actions
ACV
Active voice When the subject is the agent or actor of the verb.
ADJ
Adjective Modifiers of nouns. beautiful
ADV
Adverb Modifiers of verbs and other constituent classes. beautifully
AGEN
Assigns Gender Used to indicate gender agreement
ALL
Allative A case that expresses motion to or toward the referent of the noun it marks.
ANL
Animal Nouns denoting animals
ANM
Animate Indicates an animate reference he, she
ANUM
Assigns Number Used to indicate number agreement
AP
Adverbial Phrase (Maximal Projection)
APER
Assigns Person Used to indicate person agreement
ARF
Artifact Nouns denoting man-made objects
ART
Article Determiner that identifies a noun's definite or indefinite reference, and new or given status. the
AS
Specifier of an adverb
ASL
Absolutive Case of nouns in ergative-absolutive languages that would generally be the subjects of intransitive verbs or the objects of transitive verbs in the translational equivalents of nominative-accusative languages such as English.
ASP
ASPECT The grammatical aspect (sometimes called viewpoint aspect) of a verb defines the temporal flow (or lack thereof) in the described event or state. In English, for example, the past-tense sentences "I swam" and "I was swimming" differ in aspect (the first sentence is in what is called the perfective or completive aspect, and the second in what is called the imperfective or durative aspect).
ATST
Ambitransitive A verb that can be used both as intransitive or as transitive without requiring a morphological change read
ATT
Attribute Nouns denoting attributes of people and objects
AUX
Auxiliary verb A verb which accompanies the lexical verb of a verb phrase, and expresses grammatical distinctions not carried by the lexical verb. will
BEN
Benefactive A case that expresses that the referent of the noun it marks receives the benefit of the situation expressed by the clause
BON
Body parts Nouns denoting body parts
BOV
Body actions Verbs of grooming, dressing and bodily care
CA
Adjunct to a conjunction An optional constituent of a complementizer phrase.
CAS
CASE The case of a noun or pronoun indicates its grammatical function in a greater phrase or clause such as the role of subject or of direct object.
CAU
Causative A case which expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the cause of the situation expressed by the clause.
CB
Conjunctional Phrase (Intermediate Projection)
CC
Complement of a conjunction A phrasal or clausal category which is selected (subcategorized) by the head of a phrase.
CDN
Cardinal numeral A numeral of the class whose members are considered basic in form, are used in counting, and in expressing how many objects are referred to. two
CGN
Cognition nouns Nouns denoting cognitive processes and contents
CGV
Cognition verbs Verbs of thinking, judging, analyzing, doubting
CHA
Change Verbs of size, temperature change, intensifying, etc.
CIR
Circumposition
CMN
Communication nouns Nouns denoting communicative processes and contents
CMP
Comparative An adjective that compares the quality with that of another of its kind better
CMT
Comitative A case expressing accompaniment.
CMV
Communication verbs Verbs of telling, asking, ordering, singing
CON
Conditional mood The form of the verb used in conditional sentences to refer to a hypothetical state of affairs, or an uncertain event that is contingent on another set of circumstances.
COO
Coordinating conjunction A conjunction that links constituents without syntactically subordinating one to the other. and
COP
Copula An intransitive verb which links a subject to a noun phrase adjective, or other constituent which expresses the predicate. be (to be)
CP
Conjunctional Phrase (Maximal Projection)
CPR
Reciprocal pronoun A reciprocal pronoun is a pronoun that expresses a mutual feeling or action among the referents of a plural subject. They hit [each other].
CPT
Competition Verbs of fighting, athletic activities
CRE
Creation Verbs of sewing, baking, painting, performing
CS
Specifier of a conjunction
CSP
Consumption Verbs of eating and drinking
CTC
Contact Verbs of touching, hitting, tying, digging
CTN
Continuative
I am still eating.
CTT
Contraction
don't
DA
Adjunct of a determiner An optional constituent of a determiner phrase.
DAT
Dative case A case that indicates the indirect object of a verb us (in He gave us the book)
DB
Determiner Phrase (Intermediate Projection)
DC
Complement of a determiner A phrasal or clausal category which is selected (subcategorized) by the head of a phrase.
DEF
Definite Specific and identifiable in a given context the
DEG
DEGREE Describes the relational value of one thing with something in another clause of a sentence.
DEL
Delative A case which expresses motion downward from the referent of the noun it marks.
DEM
Demonstrative A determiner that is used deictically to indicate a referent's spatial, temporal, or discourse location. this
DP
Determiner Phrase (Maximal Projection)
DS
Specifier of a determiner
DTST
Ditransitive A verb which takes a subject and two objects. give
DUA
Dual Number which refers to two members of the class identified by the noun.
ELA
Elative A case expressing motion out of or away from the referent of the noun it marks.
EMO
Emotion Verbs of feeling
EPR
Emphatic pronoun An emphatic pronoun is a personal pronoun that is used to emphasize its referent. [Moi], je suis Français.
EQU
Equative A case that expresses likeness or identity to the referent of the noun it marks.
ERG
Ergative The case of nouns in ergative-absolutive languages that would generally be the subjects of transitive verbs in the translation equivalents of nominative-accusative languages such as English.
ESS
Essive A case that expresses the temporary state of the referent specified by a noun.
ET0
Past event tense An absolute tense that refers to a time before the moment of utterance. was (I was here)
ET1
Present event tense Absolute tense that refers to the moment of utterance am (I am here)
ET2
Future event tense An absolute tense that refers to a time after the moment of utterance. will be (I will be here)
EVT
EVENT TENSE A temporal linguistic quality expressing the time at, during, or over which a state or action denoted by a verb occurs with reference to the speaker.
FEE
Feelings Nouns denoting feelings and emotions
FEM
Feminine A grammatical gender that marks nouns that have human or animal female referents, and often marks nouns that have referents that do not carry distinctions of sex. she
FOO
Food Nouns denoting foods and drinks
FPR
Reflexive pronoun A reflexive pronoun is a pronoun that has coreference with the subject. He prides [himself] on his appearance.
FRA
Fraction numeral
two thirds
GEN
GENDER
GER
Gerund
sleeping
GNT
Genitive A case in which the referent of the marked noun is the possessor of the referent of another noun. my
GRO
Group Nouns denoting groupings of people or objects
HAB
Habitual An imperfective aspect that expresses the occurrence of an event or state as characteristic of a period of time. I used to walk.
IA
Adjunct of an inflection An optional constituent of an inflectional phrase.
IB
Inflectional Phrase (Intermediate Projection)
IC
Complement of an inflection A phrasal or clausal category which is selected (subcategorized) by the head of a phrase.
ICP
Inceptive
I started eating.
ILL
Illative A case that expresses motion into or direction toward the referent of the noun it marks.
IMP
Imperative A grammatical mood that expresses direct commands or requests. It is also used to signal a prohibition, permission or any other kind of exhortation.
IND
Indicative
INE
Inessive A case that expresses a location within the referent of the noun it marks.
INF
Infinitive The base form of a verb generally unmarked for inflectional categories. be (to be)
INJ
Injunctive
INS
Instrumental A case indicating that the referent of the noun it marks is the means of the accomplishment of the action expressed by the clause.
INX
Infix Affix that is inserted within a root or stem.
IP
Inflectional Phrase (Maximal Projection)
IPR
Interrogative pronoun A pro-form that is used in questions to stand for the item questioned. who
IS
Specifier of an inflection
ITE
Iterative Aspect that expresses the repetition of an event or state. I ate it again and again.
ITJ
Interjection
hello
ITST
Indirect transitive A verb which takes a subject and a single indirect object
JA
Adjunct of an adjective An optional constituent of an adjective phrase.
JB
Adjective Phrase (Intermediate Projection)
JC
Complement of an adjective A phrasal or clausal category which is selected (subcategorized) by the head of a phrase.
JP
Adjective Phrase (Maximal Projection)
JS
Specifier of an adjective
LAT
Lative A case that expresses motion up to the location of, or as far as the referent of the noun it marks.
LCT
Location Nouns denoting spatial position
LEX
LEXICAL STATUS
LOC
Locative A case that expresses location at the referent of the noun it marks.
MAF
Masculine and feminine Variable gender un après-midi = une après-midi
MCL
Masculine Includes most words that refer to males. he
MID
Middle voice A voice that indicates that the subject is the actor and acts upon himself or herself reflexively, or for his or her own benefit.
MOF
Masculine or feminine Common gender le pianiste x la pianiste
MOO
MOOD A verb mood typically used in dependent clauses to express wishes, commands, emotion, possibility, judgment, opinion, necessity, or statements that are contrary to fact at present.
MOT
Motion Verbs of walking, flying, swimming
MOV
Modal verb
can
MTV
Motive Nouns denoting goals
MTW
Multiword expression Any string comprising more than a word United States of America
MUL
Multiplicative numeral A numeral that expresses how many fold or how many times.
NA
Adjunct of a noun An optional constituent of a noun phrase.
NABS
Non-abstract (concrete)
NANM
Inanimate Indicates an inanimate reference it
NB
Nominal Phrase (Intermediate Projection)
NC
Complement of a noun A phrasal or clausal category which is selected (subcategorized) by the head of a phrase.
NEU
Neuter Includes mostly words that do not refer to males or females. it
NEV
Natural events Nouns denoting natural events
NOB
Natural objects Nouns denoting natural objects (not man-made)
NOM
Nominative Indicates the subject of a finite verb. I (in I saw him)
NOU
Noun
beauty
NP
Nominal Phrase (Maximal Projection)
NPFC
Imperfective An event in the process of unfolding (often a repeated or habitual event) I was swimming.
NPR
Indefinite pronoun An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun that belongs to a class whose members indicate indefinite reference. anybody, one, somebody
NS
Specifier of a noun
NTST
Intransitive A verb that does not take an object fall
NUM
NUMBER A grammatical category of nouns, pronouns, and adjective and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions.
ONB
Ordinal numeral A numeral belonging to a class whose members designate positions in a sequence. second
OPT
Optative A grammatical mood that indicates a wish or hope.
PA
Adjunct of a preposition An optional constituent of a prepositional phrase.
PAR
Partitive A case that expresses the partial nature of the referent of the noun it marks, as opposed to expressing the whole unit or class of which the referent is a part.
PAU
Paucal
PAV
Passive voice When the subject is the patient, target or undergoer of the action.
PB
Prepositional Phrase (Intermediate Projection)
PC
Complement of a preposition A phrasal or clausal category which is selected (subcategorized) by the head of a phrase.
PCP
Perception Verbs of seeing, hearing, feeling
PER
PERSON A deictic reference to a participant in an event, such as the speaker, the addressee, or others.
PFC
Perfective A single event conceived as a unit I swam.
PFX
Prefix Affix that is joined before a root or stem. un
PGS
Progressive Continuous aspect that expresses processes, not states. I am eating.
PHE
Natural phenomena Nouns denoting natural phenomena
PLA
Plant Nouns denoting plants
PLR
Plural Number that expresses reference to a quantity greater than that expressed by the largest specific number category in a language, such as "more than one" in English, and "more than two" in some other languages. they
PLT
Prolative A case that expresses motion along or by the referent of the noun it marks.
PON
Possession Nouns denoting possession and transfer of possession
POS
PART OF SPEECH
POV
Possession Verbs of buying, selling, owning
PP
Prepositional Phrase (Maximal Projection)
PPL
Prepositional
PPN
Proper noun Noun that is the name of a specific individual, place, or object. Geneva
PPR
Personal pronoun A personal pronoun is a pronoun that expresses a distinction of person deixis. I, he, she, it, we
PPS
Postposition Adposition that occurs after its complement.
PPT
Prospective
I am about to eat.
PRE
Preposition Adposition that occurs before its complement. against
PRO
Natural processes Nouns denoting natural processes
PRS
Person Nouns denoting people
PS
Specififer in Prepositional Phrase
PST
Positive
PTC
Particle A word that does not belong to one of the main classes of words is invariable in form, and typically has grammatical or pragmatic meaning. to
PTP
Participle A lexical item, derived from a verb, that has some of the characteristics and functions of both verbs and adjectives. done
QDR
Quadrual
QTT
Quantity Nouns denoting quantities and units of measure
QUA
Quantifier A determiner that expresses a referent's definite or indefinite number or amount. every
RCAS
Receives Case Used in case agreement.
REL
Relation Nouns denoting relations between people or things or ideas
RGEN
Receives Gender Used in gender agreement.
RNUM
Receives Number Used in number agreement.
RPER
Receives Person Used in person agreement.
RPR
Relative pronoun A relative pronoun is a pronoun that marks a relative clause, functions grammatically within the relative clause, and is coreferential to the word modified by the relative clause. The man [who] comes next
RT0
Past reference tense
had been (I had been here)
RT1
Present reference tense
RT2
Future reference tense A relative tense tense that refers to a temporal reference point located in the future. would had been (I would had been there)
RTE
REFERENCE TENSE A temporal linguistic quality expressing the time at, during, or over which a state or action denoted by a verb occurs with reference to another state or action.
SBS
Substance Nouns denoting substances
SBW
Subword (bound morpheme) Any string smaller than a word (a root, a stem, etc) bab (baby)
SCJ
Subordinanting conjunction A conjunction that links constructions by making one of them a constituent of another. if
SEM
SEMANTIC FEATURES
SFX
Suffix Affix that is attached to the end of a root or stem. s
SHA
Shape Nouns denoting two and three dimensional shapes
SNG
Singular Number that refers to one member of a designated class. he
SOC
Social Verbs of political and social activities and events
SP
Sentence Phrase (Maximal Projection)
SPE
Superessive A case that expresses location on the referent of the noun it marks.
SPR
Posessive pronoun A possessive pronoun is a pronoun that expresses ownership and relationships like ownership, such as kinship, and other forms of association. my, mine
STA
State Nouns denoting stable states of affairs
STT
Stative Verbs of being, having, spatial relations
SUB
Subjunctive A verb mood typically used in dependent clauses to express wishes, commands, emotion, possibility, judgment, opinion, necessity, or statements that are contrary to fact at present
SUP
Superlative An adjective that compares the quality with many or all others of its kind best
SYN
SYNTACTIC ROLES
TER
Terminative
I finished eating.
TIM
Time Nouns denoting time and temporal relations
TLT
Translative A case indicating that the referent of the noun, or the quality of the adjective, that it marks is the result of a process of change.
TRA
TRANSITIVITY A property of verbs that relates to whether a verb can take direct objects.
TRI
Trial A number that refers to three members of the designated class.
TST
Direct transitive A verb which takes a subject and a single direct object kiss
TTST
Tritransitive A verb which takes a subject and three objects. trade
VA
Adjunct of a verb An optional constituent of a verbal phrase.
VAL
VALENCY Verb valency or valence refers to the number of arguments controlled by a verbal predicate.
VAL0
Avalent An avalent verb takes no arguments rain
VAL1
Monovalent A monovalent verb takes one argument sleep
VAL2
Divalent A verb which takes two arguments eat
VAL3
Trivalent A trivalent verb takes three arguments give
VAL4
Tetravalent A trivalent verb takes four arguments
VB
Verbal Phrase (Intermediate Projection)
VC
Complement of a verb A phrasal or clausal category which is selected (subcategorized) by the head of a phrase.
VER
Verb
buy
VOC
Vocative A case that marks a noun whose referent is being addressed.
VOI
VOICE The voice (also called diathesis) of a verb describes the relationship between the action (or state) that the verb expresses and the participants identified by its arguments (subject, object, etc.).
VP
Verbal phrase
VS
Specifier of a verb
WEA
Weather Verbs of raining, snowing, thawing, thundering
WRD
Regular word