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| | The set of features in a UNL-driven dictionary depends on the structure of the natural language and may vary a lot. However, in order to better standardize lexical resources inside the UNL framework, the UNDL Foundation recommends the adoption of the following tags for some specific and pervasive grammatical phenomena. Several of those linguistic constants have been already proposed to the '''Data Category Registry''' (ISO 12620), and represent widely accepted linguistic concepts. Our main intention here is just to provide a harmonized system to be shared by the UNL community so as to make dictionaries as easily understandable and exchangeable as possible. | | The set of features in a UNL-driven dictionary depends on the structure of the natural language and may vary a lot. However, in order to better standardize lexical resources inside the UNL framework, the UNDL Foundation recommends the adoption of the following tags for some specific and pervasive grammatical phenomena. Several of those linguistic constants have been already proposed to the '''Data Category Registry''' (ISO 12620), and represent widely accepted linguistic concepts. Our main intention here is just to provide a harmonized system to be shared by the UNL community so as to make dictionaries as easily understandable and exchangeable as possible. |
| | | | |
| − | == General Guidelines == | + | == When to use the UNDLF Tagset == |
| | | | |
| − | In order to define the tags to be used in the UNL Tagset, the following premises were adopted:
| + | The UNDLF Tagset is required for providing lexical resources (dictionary entries and grammar rules) in the [http://www.undlfoundation.org/unlarium UNLarium] framework. Indeed, the whole environment has been already prepared to accept only the tags here presented. In most cases, the use of tags is rather unnoticeable and effortless, since users are supposed to make higher-level choices ("adjective", for instance) which will be internally represented through the corresponding authorized labels ("ADJ"). However, in several circumstances, as when creating inflectional paradigms or subcategorization frames, users are expected to address more fine-grained linguistic phenomena that may require a specialized metalanguage. That's exactly the purpose of this tagset: to provide the technical means for describing any linguistic behaviour. And it should do that in a strongly standardised way, i.e., so that others could easily understand and exploit the data for their own benefit. |
| − | * Tags should be as few as possible
| + | |
| − | * Tags should be as short as possible
| + | |
| − | * Tags should be as mnemonic as possible
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | These assumptions led us to the following general guidelines:
| + | == General Guidelines == |
| − | * Tags should be made of a '''three-character upper-case string'''
| + | |
| − | * Tags should be labelled out of '''English words'''
| + | |
| − | * Tags should be provided in a '''attribute-value structure''', along with definitions and examples.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | The resulting set of tags, which is still subject to additions and revisions, is presented below. For the time being, the definitions and examples have been extracted out of the ''Glossary of Linguistic Terms'' (Loos et alii), available at [http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/ SIL International]. The tags are expected to migrate to an on-line environment, still under construction, where accredited linguists will have the opportunity to improve this repertoire.
| + | In order to define the tags to be used in the UNDLF Tagset, the following premises were adopted: |
| | + | *Tags should be as comprehensive as possible (i.e., they should cover all widely accepted linguistic concepts) |
| | + | *Tags should be as few as possible (i.e., they should avoid redundancy) |
| | + | *Tags should be as short as possible (i.e., they should fit in a three-character string) |
| | + | *Tags should be as mnemonic as possible (i.e., they should be provided through English acronyms or abbreviations) |
| | + | *Tags should constitute a taxonomic hierarchy (so that upper level values could be inferred from the lower ones). |
| | | | |
| − | == List of tags (in alphabetical order of tags)== | + | Additionally, the following conventions were adopted: |
| | + | *Tags are written in upper case letters; |
| | + | *Negation is represented by prefixation with "N-" (past = PAS, nonpast = NPAS). |
| | | | |
| − | {{#tree:
| + | We have tried to stick to the standard abbreviations proposed by the [http://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/resources/glossing-rules.php Leipzig Glossing Rules] and by David Crystal in ''A dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics'' (2008), as much as they comply with the rules above. The resulting set of tags, which is still subject to additions and revisions, is presented below. For the time being, the definitions and examples have been extracted out of the ''Glossary of Linguistic Terms'' (Loos et alii), available at [http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/ SIL International]. The tags are expected to migrate to an on-line environment, still under construction, where accredited linguists will have the opportunity to enhance and to improve this repertoire. |
| − | *Root1
| + | |
| − | **Sub-item
| + | |
| − | **Another sub-item
| + | |
| − | *Root2
| + | |
| − | **Sub-item
| + | |
| − | **Another sub-item
| + | |
| − | }}
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | {{#menu:
| + | == Tree of attributes and values == |
| − | *Root1
| + | |
| − | **Sub-item
| + | |
| − | **Another sub-item
| + | |
| − | *Root2
| + | |
| − | **Sub-item
| + | |
| − | **Another sub-item
| + | |
| − | }}
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | {{#tree:id=siteTree|openlevels=1|root=Organic Design|
| + | The hierarchy of tags is depicted in the tree below. The topmost level represents the attributes of which the tags are a value. Lower positions subsume upper levels (for instance: progressive is a value of continuative, which is a value of imperfective, which is a value of the attribute aspect), but are not mandatory, as they can be too specialized ("go" is just a verb, and not any of the subcategories of verb). In any case, natural language phenomena should be classified as deep as possible in the tagset structure ("un-" should be classified as a prefix, rather than as an affix). |
| − | *Root
| + | |
| − | **Sub-item
| + | |
| − | **Another sub-item
| + | |
| − | }}
| + | |
| | | | |
| | + | [http://www.unlweb.net/unlarium/dictionary/export_tagset.php List of tags in alphabetical order] |
| | | | |
| | + | {{#tree:id=tagset|openlevels=0|root=Tags| |
| | | | |
| − | | + | *[[abstractness]] (ABN) |
| − | | + | **abstract (ABT) |
| − | | + | **concrete (CCT) |
| − | | + | *[[adjacency]] (AJC) |
| − | | + | **immediate (AJ0) |
| − | | + | **nearest (AJ1) |
| − | {|border="1"
| + | **near (AJ2) |
| − | !Tag||Name||Definition||Example
| + | **distant (AJ3) |
| − | |-
| + | **most distant (AJ4) |
| − | |1PP||First person plural||Deictic reference that refers to both the speaker and referents grouped with the speaker.||we
| + | *[[agreement]] (AGR) |
| − | |-
| + | **assigns case (ACAS) |
| − | |1PS||First person singular||Deictic reference that refers to the speaker.||I
| + | **assigns gender (AGEN) |
| − | |-
| + | **assigns number (ANUM) |
| − | |2PP||Second person plural||Deictic reference to more than one referent identified as addressee.||you
| + | **assigns person (APER) |
| − | |-
| + | **assigns tense (ATNS) |
| − | |2PS||Second person singular||Deictic reference to a single referent identified as addressee.||you
| + | **receives case (RCAS) |
| − | |-
| + | **receives gender (RGEN) |
| − | |3PP||Third person plural||Deictic reference to more than one referent not identified as the speaker or addressee.||they
| + | **receives number (RNUM) |
| − | |-
| + | **receives person (RPER) |
| − | |3PS||Third person singular||Deictic reference to a single referent not identified as the speaker or addressee.||he
| + | **receives tense (RTNS) |
| − | |-
| + | *alienability (ALY) |
| − | |AA||Adjunct to an adverb||An optional constituent of an adverbial phrase.||
| + | **alienable (ALI) |
| − | |-
| + | **unalienable (NALI) |
| − | |AB||Adverbial Phrase||Adverbial-bar phrase (intermediate projection)||
| + | *[[animacy]] (ANI) |
| − | |-
| + | **animate (ANM) |
| − | |ABB||Abbreviation||||Dr.
| + | **inanimate (NANM) |
| − | |-
| + | *[[aspect]] (ASP) |
| − | |ABE||Abessive||A case that expresses the lack or absence of the referent of the noun it marks||
| + | **aorist (AOR) |
| − | |-
| + | **causative (CAU) |
| − | |ABL||Ablative||A case that indicates movement from something, and/or cause||
| + | **perfective (PFV) |
| − | |-
| + | **imperfective (NPFV) |
| − | |ABS||Abstract||A noun that denotes something viewed as a nonmaterial referent||
| + | ***continuative (CTN) |
| − | |-
| + | ****progressive (PGS) |
| − | |AC||Complement of an adverb||A phrasal or clausal category which is selected (subcategorized) by the head of a phrase.||
| + | ***habitual (HAB) |
| − | |-
| + | ***iterative (ITE) |
| − | |ACAS||Assigns Case||Used to indicate case agreement||
| + | **perfect (PFC) |
| − | |-
| + | ***experiential perfect aspect (EXP) |
| − | |ACC||Accusative||A case that indicates the direct object of a verb||him (in I saw him)
| + | ***perfect of persistent situation (PSS) |
| − | |-
| + | ***perfect of recent past (PRP) |
| − | |ACR||Acronym||||UNL
| + | ***perfect of result (RES) |
| − | |-
| + | **prospective (PPT) |
| − | |ACT||Acts or actions||Nouns denoting acts or actions||
| + | **inceptive (ICP) |
| − | |-
| + | **terminative (TER) |
| − | |ACV||Active voice||When the subject is the agent or actor of the verb.||
| + | *cardinality (CAR) |
| − | |-
| + | **one single referent (ONE) |
| − | |ADJ||Adjective||Modifiers of nouns.||beautiful
| + | **a pair of referents (TWO) |
| − | |-
| + | **three referents (TRE) |
| − | |ADV||Adverb||Modifiers of verbs and other constituent classes.||beautifully
| + | **countable (CTB) |
| − | |-
| + | **uncountable (NCTB) |
| − | |AGEN||Assigns Gender||Used to indicate gender agreement||
| + | **collective (COL) |
| − | |-
| + | **more than one referent (PLU) |
| − | |ALL||Allative||A case that expresses motion to or toward the referent of the noun it marks.||
| + | *[[case]] (CAS) |
| − | |-
| + | **abessive (ABE) |
| − | |ANL||Animal||Nouns denoting animals||
| + | **ablative (ABL) |
| − | |-
| + | **accusative (ACC) |
| − | |ANM||Animate||Indicates an animate reference||he, she
| + | **adessive (ADE) |
| − | |-
| + | **allative (ALL) |
| − | |ANUM||Assigns Number||Used to indicate number agreement||
| + | **absolutive (ABS) |
| − | |-
| + | **benefactive (BEN) |
| − | |AP||Adverbial Phrase||Adverbial-bar-bar phrase (maximal projection)||
| + | **comitative (CMT) |
| − | |-
| + | **construct state (CTS) |
| − | |APER||Assigns Person||Used to indicate person agreement||
| + | **dative (DAT) |
| − | |-
| + | **delative (DEL) |
| − | |ARF||Artifact||Nouns denoting man-made objects||
| + | **elative (ELA) |
| − | |-
| + | **equative (EQU) |
| − | |ART||Article||Determiner that identifies a noun's definite or indefinite reference, and new or given status.||the
| + | **ergative (ERG) |
| − | |-
| + | **essive (ESS) |
| − | |AS||Specifier of an adverb||||
| + | **genitive (GNT) |
| − | |-
| + | **hortative (HOR) |
| − | |ASL||Absolutive||Case of nouns in ergative-absolutive languages that would generally be the subjects of intransitive verbs or the objects of transitive verbs in the translational equivalents of nominative-accusative languages such as English.||
| + | **illative (ILL) |
| − | |-
| + | **inessive (INE) |
| − | |ASP||ASPECT||The grammatical aspect (sometimes called viewpoint aspect) of a verb defines the temporal flow (or lack thereof) in the described event or state. In English, for example, the past-tense sentences "I swam" and "I was swimming" differ in aspect (the first sentence is in what is called the perfective or completive aspect, and the second in what is called the imperfective or durative aspect).||
| + | **instrumental (INS) |
| − | |-
| + | **lative (LAT) |
| − | |ATST||Ambitransitive||A verb that can be used both as intransitive or as transitive without requiring a morphological change||read
| + | **locative (LOC) |
| − | |-
| + | **nominative (NOM) |
| − | |ATT||Attribute||Nouns denoting attributes of people and objects||
| + | **oblique (OBL) |
| − | |-
| + | **prolative (PLT) |
| − | |AUX||Auxiliary verb||A verb which accompanies the lexical verb of a verb phrase, and expresses grammatical distinctions not carried by the lexical verb.||will
| + | **prepositional (PPL) |
| − | |-
| + | **partitive (PTT) |
| − | |BEN||Benefactive||A case that expresses that the referent of the noun it marks receives the benefit of the situation expressed by the clause||
| + | **superessive (SPE) |
| − | |-
| + | **terminative (TRM) |
| − | |BON||Body parts||Nouns denoting body parts||
| + | **translative (TLT) |
| − | |-
| + | **vocative (VOC) |
| − | |BOV||Body actions||Verbs of grooming, dressing and bodily care||
| + | *defineteness (DFN) |
| − | |-
| + | **definite (DEF) |
| − | |CA||Adjunct to a conjunction||An optional constituent of a complementizer phrase.||
| + | **generic (GNR) |
| − | |-
| + | **indefinite (NDEF) |
| − | |CAS||CASE||The case of a noun or pronoun indicates its grammatical function in a greater phrase or clause such as the role of subject or of direct object.||
| + | **nonspecified (NSPC) |
| − | |-
| + | **specificied (SPC) |
| − | |CAU||Causative||A case which expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the cause of the situation expressed by the clause.||
| + | *[[degree]] (DEG) |
| − | |-
| + | **augmentative (AUG) |
| − | |CB||Conjunctional Phrase||Conjunction-bar phrase (intermediate projection)||
| + | **comparative (CMP) |
| − | |-
| + | **diminutive (DIM) |
| − | |CC||Complement of a conjunction||A phrasal or clausal category which is selected (subcategorized) by the head of a phrase.||
| + | **positive (PST) |
| − | |-
| + | **superlative (SUP) |
| − | |CDN||Cardinal numeral||A numeral of the class whose members are considered basic in form, are used in counting, and in expressing how many objects are referred to.||two
| + | ***absolute superlative (SUPA) |
| − | |-
| + | ***comparative superlative (SUPR) |
| − | |CGN||Cognition nouns||Nouns denoting cognitive processes and contents||
| + | *[[distribution]] (DIS) |
| − | |-
| + | **after (AFT) |
| − | |CGV||Cognition verbs||Verbs of thinking, judging, analyzing, doubting||
| + | **before (BEF) |
| − | |-
| + | **end (END) |
| − | |CHA||Change||Verbs of size, temperature change, intensifying, etc.||
| + | **free (FRE) |
| − | |-
| + | **front (FRT) |
| − | |CIR||Circumposition||||
| + | **immediately after (IAFT) |
| − | |-
| + | **immediately before (IBEF) |
| − | |CMN||Communication nouns||Nouns denoting communicative processes and contents||
| + | **middle (MID) |
| − | |-
| + | *[[information structure]] (IST) |
| − | |CMP||Comparative||An adjective that compares the quality with that of another of its kind||better
| + | **focus (FOC) |
| − | |-
| + | **rheme (RHE) |
| − | |CMT||Comitative||A case expressing accompaniment.||
| + | **theme (THE) |
| − | |-
| + | *[[gender]] (GEN) |
| − | |CMV||Communication verbs||Verbs of telling, asking, ordering, singing||
| + | **feminine (FEM) |
| − | |-
| + | **masculine (MCL) |
| − | |CON||Conditional mood||The form of the verb used in conditional sentences to refer to a hypothetical state of affairs, or an uncertain event that is contingent on another set of circumstances.||
| + | **neuter (NEU) |
| − | |-
| + | **common (COM) |
| − | |COO||Coordinating conjunction||A conjunction that links constituents without syntactically subordinating one to the other.||and
| + | **variable (VAR) |
| − | |-
| + | *[[lexical category]] (LEX) |
| − | |COP||Copula||An intransitive verb which links a subject to a noun phrase adjective, or other constituent which expresses the predicate.||be (to be)
| + | **[[adjective]] (J) |
| − | |-
| + | **[[adposition]] (P) |
| − | |CP||Conjunctional Phrase||Conjunction-bar-bar phrase (maximal projection)||
| + | **[[adverb]] (A) |
| − | |-
| + | **[[affix]] (F) |
| − | |CPR||Reciprocal pronoun||A reciprocal pronoun is a pronoun that expresses a mutual feeling or action among the referents of a plural subject.||They hit [each other].
| + | **[[conjunction]] (C) |
| − | |-
| + | **[[determiner]] (D) |
| − | |CPT||Competition||Verbs of fighting, athletic activities||
| + | **[[inflection]] (I) |
| − | |-
| + | **[[noun]] (N) |
| − | |CRE||Creation||Verbs of sewing, baking, painting, performing||
| + | **[[numeral]] (U) |
| − | |-
| + | **[[noun|proper noun]] (E) |
| − | |CS||Specifier of a conjunction||||
| + | **[[pronoun]] (R) |
| − | |-
| + | **[[verb]] (V) |
| − | |CSM||Consumption||Verbs of eating and drinking||
| + | **other (O) |
| − | |-
| + | *[[lexical structure]] (LST) |
| − | |CTC||Contact||Verbs of touching, hitting, tying, digging||
| + | **subword (SBW) |
| − | |-
| + | **simple word (WRD) |
| − | |CTN||Continuative||||I am still eating.
| + | ***abbreviation (ABB) and single-word contraction |
| − | |-
| + | ***clitic (CLI) |
| − | |CTT||Contraction||||don't
| + | **multiword expression (MTW) |
| − | |-
| + | ***acronym (ACR) and initialism |
| − | |DA||Adjunct of a determiner||An optional constituent of a determiner phrase.||
| + | ***multiple-word contraction (CTT) and blend |
| − | |-
| + | *[[modality]] (MOD) |
| − | |DAT||Dative case||A case that indicates the indirect object of a verb||us (in He gave us the book)
| + | **realis (REA) |
| − | |-
| + | **irrealis (NREA) |
| − | |DB||Determiner Phrase||Determiner-bar phrase (intermediate projection)||
| + | **alethic (ALE) |
| − | |-
| + | **deontic (DEO) |
| − | |DC||Complement of a determiner||A phrasal or clausal category which is selected (subcategorized) by the head of a phrase.||
| + | ***comissive (CMS) |
| − | |-
| + | ***directive (DRT) |
| − | |DEF||Definite||Specific and identifiable in a given context||the
| + | ***volitive (VLT) |
| − | |-
| + | **epistemic (EPI) |
| − | |DEG||DEGREE||Describes the relational value of one thing with something in another clause of a sentence.||
| + | ***evidentiality (EVI) |
| − | |-
| + | ***judgment (JDG) |
| − | |DEL||Delative||A case which expresses motion downward from the referent of the noun it marks.||
| + | *[[mood]] (MOO) |
| − | |-
| + | **none (non-finite verb forms) (VBL) |
| − | |DEM||Demonstrative||A determiner that is used deictically to indicate a referent's spatial, temporal, or discourse location.||this
| + | ***gerund (GER) |
| − | |-
| + | ***gerundive (GDV) |
| − | |DP||Determiner Phrase||Determiner-bar-bar phrase (maximal projection)||
| + | ***infinitive (INF) |
| − | |-
| + | ***participle (PTP) |
| − | |DS||Specifier of a determiner||||
| + | ***supine (SPN) |
| − | |-
| + | **assumptive (AUM) |
| − | |DTST||Ditransitive||A verb which takes a subject and two objects.||give
| + | **causative (CAU) |
| − | |-
| + | **conditional (CON) |
| − | |DUA||Dual||Number which refers to two members of the class identified by the noun.||
| + | **declarative (DEC) |
| − | |-
| + | **deductive (DED) |
| − | |ELA||Elative||A case expressing motion out of or away from the referent of the noun it marks.||
| + | **deliberative (DLB) |
| − | |-
| + | **dubitative (DUB) |
| − | |EMO||Emotion||Verbs of feeling||
| + | **hypothetical (HYP) |
| − | |-
| + | **imperative (IMP) |
| − | |EPR||Emphatic pronoun||An emphatic pronoun is a personal pronoun that is used to emphasize its referent.||[Moi], je suis Français.
| + | **imprecative (IPC) |
| − | |-
| + | **indicative (IND) |
| − | |EQU||Equative||A case that expresses likeness or identity to the referent of the noun it marks.||
| + | **inferential (INFR) |
| − | |-
| + | **interrogative (INT) |
| − | |ERG||Ergative||The case of nouns in ergative-absolutive languages that would generally be the subjects of transitive verbs in the translation equivalents of nominative-accusative languages such as English.||
| + | **jussive (JUS) |
| − | |-
| + | **obligative (OBM) |
| − | |ESS||Essive||A case that expresses the temporary state of the referent specified by a noun.||
| + | **optative (OPT) |
| − | |-
| + | **permissive (PMS) |
| − | |ET0||Past||An absolute tense that refers to a time before the moment of utterance.||was (I was here)
| + | **potential (POT) |
| − | |-
| + | **precative (PCT) |
| − | |ET1||Present||Absolute tense that refers to the moment of utterance||am (I am here)
| + | **prohibitive (PHB) |
| − | |-
| + | **speculative (SPT) |
| − | |ET2||Future||An absolute tense that refers to a time after the moment of utterance.||will be (I will be here)
| + | **subjunctive (SUB) |
| − | |-
| + | *[[morphology]] (MOR) |
| − | |EVT||EVENT TENSE||A temporal linguistic quality expressing the time at, during, or over which a state or action denoted by a verb occurs with reference to the speaker.||
| + | **affix (AFF) |
| − | |-
| + | ***inflectional affix (IAX) |
| − | |FEE||Feeling||Nouns denoting feelings and emotions||
| + | ***derivational affix (DAX) |
| − | |-
| + | **base form (BF) |
| − | |FEM||Feminine||A grammatical gender that marks nouns that have human or animal female referents, and often marks nouns that have referents that do not carry distinctions of sex.||she
| + | ***root (ROO) |
| − | |-
| + | ***stem (STE) |
| − | |FOO||Food||Nouns denoting foods and drinks||
| + | **word form (WFO) |
| − | |-
| + | **alternative form (ALT) |
| − | |FPR||Reflexive pronoun||A reflexive pronoun is a pronoun that has coreference with the subject.||He prides [himself] on his appearance.
| + | ***alternative form 1 (ALT1) |
| − | |-
| + | ***alternative form 2 (ALT2) |
| − | |FRA||Fraction numeral||||two thirds
| + | ***alternative form 3 (ALT3) |
| − | |-
| + | ***short or weak form (SHO) |
| − | |GEN||GENDER||||
| + | ***long or strong form (STR) |
| − | |-
| + | *[[number]] (NUM) |
| − | |GER||Gerund||||sleeping
| + | **singular (SNG) |
| − | |-
| + | ***singulare tantum (SNGT) |
| − | |GNR||Generic||A noun or noun phrase that refers to a whole class, or any member of a class as a representative of its class.||
| + | **plural (PLR) |
| − | |-
| + | ***dual (DUA) |
| − | |GNT||Genitive||A case in which the referent of the marked noun is the possessor of the referent of another noun.||my
| + | ***trial (TRI) |
| − | |-
| + | ***quadrual (QDR) |
| − | |GRO||Group||Nouns denoting groupings of people or objects||
| + | ***paucal (PAU) |
| − | |-
| + | ***multal (MUL) |
| − | |HAB||Habitual||An imperfective aspect that expresses the occurrence of an event or state as characteristic of a period of time.||I used to walk.
| + | ***plurale tantum (PLRT) |
| − | |-
| + | **invariant (INV) |
| − | |IA||Adjunct of an inflection||An optional constituent of an inflectional phrase.||
| + | *[[part of speech]] (POS) |
| − | |-
| + | **[[adjective]]s (J) |
| − | |IB||Inflectional Phrase||Inflectional-bar phrase (intermediate projection)||
| + | ***adjective (ADJ) |
| − | |-
| + | ***participle (PTL) |
| − | |IC||Complement of an inflection||A phrasal or clausal category which is selected (subcategorized) by the head of a phrase.||
| + | **[[adposition]] (P) |
| − | |-
| + | ***circumposition (CIR) |
| − | |ICP||Inceptive||||I started eating.
| + | ***postposition (PPS) |
| − | |-
| + | ***preposition (PRE) |
| − | |IFX||Infix||Affix that is inserted within a root or stem.||
| + | **[[adverb]] (A) |
| − | |-
| + | ***specifier adverb (SAV) |
| − | |ILL||Illative||A case that expresses motion into or direction toward the referent of the noun it marks.||
| + | ***adjunct adverb (AAV) |
| − | |-
| + | ***conjunct (CJT) |
| − | |IMP||Imperative||A grammatical mood that expresses direct commands or requests. It is also used to signal a prohibition, permission or any other kind of exhortation.||
| + | ***disjunct (DJT) |
| − | |-
| + | **[[affix]] (F) |
| − | |IND||Indicative||||
| + | ***circumfix (CCX) |
| − | |-
| + | ***infix (IFX) |
| − | |INE||Inessive||A case that expresses a location within the referent of the noun it marks.||
| + | ***prefix (PFX) |
| − | |-
| + | ***suffix (SFX) |
| − | |INF||Infinitive||The base form of a verb generally unmarked for inflectional categories.||be (to be)
| + | **[[conjunction]] (C) |
| − | |-
| + | ***coordinating conjunction (COO) |
| − | |INJ||Injunctive||||
| + | ****correlative conjunction (CRC) |
| − | |-
| + | ***subordinating conjunction (SCJ) |
| − | |INS||Instrumental||A case indicating that the referent of the noun it marks is the means of the accomplishment of the action expressed by the clause.||
| + | ****adverbializer (AVR) |
| − | |-
| + | ****complementizer (CMR) |
| − | |IP||Inflectional Phrase||Inflectional-bar-bar phrase (maximal projection)||
| + | ****relativizer (RVZ) |
| − | |-
| + | **[[determiner]] (D) |
| − | |IPR||Interrogative pronoun||A pro-form that is used in questions to stand for the item questioned.||who
| + | ***article (ART) |
| − | |-
| + | ***demonstrative determiner (DEM) |
| − | |IS||Specifier of an inflection||||
| + | ***possessive determiner (POD) |
| − | |-
| + | ***quantifier (QUA) |
| − | |ITE||Iterative||Aspect that expresses the repetition of an event or state.||I ate it again and again.
| + | **inflection (I) |
| − | |-
| + | ***auxiliary verb (AUX) |
| − | |ITJ||Interjection||||hello
| + | ****modal verb (MOV) |
| − | |-
| + | **[[noun]] (N) |
| − | |ITST||Indirect transitive||A verb which takes a subject and a single indirect object||
| + | ***common noun (NOU) |
| − | |-
| + | **[[noun|proper noun]] (E) |
| − | |JA||Adjunct of an adjective||An optional constituent of an adjective phrase.||
| + | ***proper noun (PPN) |
| − | |-
| + | **[[numeral]] (U) |
| − | |JB||Adjective Phrase||Adjective-bar phrase (intermediate projection)||
| + | ***DIGIT (digits) |
| − | |-
| + | ****DOZEN (used to deal with dozens) |
| − | |JC||Complement of an adjective||A phrasal or clausal category which is selected (subcategorized) by the head of a phrase.||
| + | ****HUNDRED (used to deal with hundreds) |
| − | |-
| + | ***cardinal numeral (CDN) |
| − | |JP||Adjective Phrase||Adjective-bar-bar phrase (maximal projection)||
| + | ***distributive numeral (DTN) |
| − | |-
| + | ***partitive numeral (PTN) |
| − | |JS||Specifier of an adjective||||
| + | ***multiplicative numeral (MLN) |
| − | |-
| + | ***ordinal numeral (ORD) |
| − | |LAT||Lative||A case that expresses motion up to the location of, or as far as the referent of the noun it marks.||
| + | **[[pronoun]] (R) |
| − | |-
| + | ***demonstrative pronoun (DEP) |
| − | |LCT||Location||Nouns denoting spatial position||
| + | ***dummy pronoun (DUM) |
| − | |-
| + | ***emphatic pronoun (EPR) |
| − | |LEX||LEXICAL STATUS||||
| + | ***indefinite pronoun (NPR) |
| − | |-
| + | ***interrogative pronoun (IPR) |
| − | |LOC||Locative||A case that expresses location at the referent of the noun it marks.||
| + | ***personal pronoun (PPR) |
| − | |-
| + | ***possessive pronoun (SPR) |
| − | |MAF||Masculine and feminine||Variable gender||un après-midi = une après-midi
| + | ***reciprocal pronoun (CPR) |
| − | |-
| + | ***reflexive pronoun (FPR) |
| − | |MCL||Masculine||Includes most words that refer to males.||he
| + | ***relative pronoun (RPR) |
| − | |-
| + | **[[verb]] (V) |
| − | |MID||Middle voice||A voice that indicates that the subject is the actor and acts upon himself or herself reflexively, or for his or her own benefit.||
| + | ***full verb (VER) |
| − | |-
| + | ***copula (COP) |
| − | |MOF||Masculine or feminine||Common gender||le pianiste x la pianiste
| + | **other (O) |
| − | |-
| + | ***classifier (CLA) |
| − | |MOO||MOOD||A verb mood typically used in dependent clauses to express wishes, commands, emotion, possibility, judgment, opinion, necessity, or statements that are contrary to fact at present.||
| + | ***interjection (ITJ) |
| − | |-
| + | ***particle (PTC) |
| − | |MOT||Motion||Verbs of walking, flying, swimming||
| + | ***punctuation (PUT) |
| − | |-
| + | ****blank (BLK) |
| − | |MOV||Modal verb||||can
| + | ****<nowiki>' </nowiki>(APOSTROPHE) |
| − | |-
| + | ****<nowiki>- </nowiki>(HYPHEN) |
| − | |MTV||Motive||Nouns denoting goals||
| + | ****<nowiki>! </nowiki>(EMARK) |
| − | |-
| + | ****<nowiki>" </nowiki>(QUOTE) |
| − | |MTW||Multiword expression||A free morpheme comprising more than one stem||United States of America
| + | ****<nowiki># </nowiki>(HASH) |
| − | |-
| + | ****<nowiki>$ </nowiki>(DOLLAR) |
| − | |MUL||Multiplicative numeral||A numeral that expresses how many fold or how many times.||
| + | ****<nowiki>% </nowiki>(PERCENTAGE) |
| − | |-
| + | ****<nowiki>& </nowiki>(AMPERSAND) |
| − | |NA||Adjunct of a noun||An optional constituent of a noun phrase.||
| + | ****<nowiki>( </nowiki>(OPARENTHESIS) |
| − | |-
| + | ****<nowiki>) </nowiki>(CPARENTHESIS) |
| − | |NABS||Non-abstract||A noun that denotes something viewed as a material referent||
| + | ****<nowiki>* </nowiki>(ASTERISK) |
| − | |-
| + | ****<nowiki>, </nowiki>(COMMA) |
| − | |NANM||Inanimate||Indicates an inanimate reference||it
| + | ****<nowiki>. </nowiki>(PERIOD) |
| − | |-
| + | ****<nowiki>/ </nowiki>(FSLASH) |
| − | |NB||Nominal Phrase||Nominal-bar phrase (intermediate projection)||
| + | ****<nowiki>: </nowiki>(COLON) |
| − | |-
| + | ****<nowiki>; </nowiki>(SEMICOLON) |
| − | |NC||Complement of a noun||A phrasal or clausal category which is selected (subcategorized) by the head of a phrase.||
| + | ****<nowiki>? </nowiki>(QMARK) |
| − | |-
| + | ****<nowiki>[ </nowiki>(OSBRACKET) |
| − | |NDEF||Indefinite||Not specific nor identifiable in a given context||a
| + | ****<nowiki>\ </nowiki>(BSLASH) |
| − | |-
| + | ****<nowiki>] </nowiki>(CSBRACKET) |
| − | |NEU||Neuter||Includes mostly words that do not refer to males or females.||it
| + | ****<nowiki>{ </nowiki>(OCBRACE) |
| − | |-
| + | ****<nowiki>} </nowiki>(CCBRACE) |
| − | |NEV||Natural events||Nouns denoting natural events||
| + | ****<nowiki>€ </nowiki>(EURO) |
| − | |-
| + | ****<nowiki>+ </nowiki>(PLUS) |
| − | |NOB||Natural objects||Nouns denoting natural objects (not man-made)||
| + | ****<nowiki>< </nowiki>(LTHAN) |
| − | |-
| + | ****<nowiki>= </nowiki>(EQUAL) |
| − | |NOM||Nominative||Indicates the subject of a finite verb.||I (in I saw him)
| + | ****<nowiki>> </nowiki>(GTHAN) |
| − | |-
| + | *[[person]] (PER) |
| − | |NOU||Noun||||beauty
| + | **impersonal (NPER) |
| − | |-
| + | **first person (1PER) |
| − | |NP||Nominal Phrase||Nominal-bar-bar phrase (maximal projection)||
| + | ***first person singular (1PS) |
| − | |-
| + | ***first person plural (1PP) |
| − | |NPFC||Imperfective||An event in the process of unfolding (often a repeated or habitual event)||I was swimming.
| + | ****123PP (me, you and others) |
| − | |-
| + | ****13PP (me and others) |
| − | |NPR||Indefinite pronoun||An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun that belongs to a class whose members indicate indefinite reference.||anybody, one, somebody
| + | **second person (2PER) |
| − | |-
| + | ***second person singular (2PS) |
| − | |NS||Specifier of a noun||||
| + | ***second person plural (2PP) |
| − | |-
| + | **third person (3PER) |
| − | |NTST||Intransitive||A verb that does not take an object||fall
| + | ***third person singular (3PS) |
| − | |-
| + | ***third person plural (3PP) |
| − | |NUM||NUMBER||A grammatical category of nouns, pronouns, and adjective and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions.||
| + | *[[polarity]] (POL) |
| − | |-
| + | **affirmative (AFM) |
| − | |OPT||Optative||A grammatical mood that indicates a wish or hope.||
| + | **negative (NEG) |
| − | |-
| + | *[[register]] (REG) |
| − | |ORD||Ordinal numeral||A numeral belonging to a class whose members designate positions in a sequence.||second
| + | **archaism (ARC) |
| − | |-
| + | **colloquialism (CLQ) |
| − | |PA||Adjunct of a preposition||An optional constituent of a prepositional phrase.||
| + | **dialect (DIA) |
| − | |-
| + | **jargon (JGN) |
| − | |PAU||Paucal||||
| + | **literary (LIT) |
| − | |-
| + | **pejorative (PEJ) |
| − | |PB||Prepositional Phrase||Adpositional-bar phrase (intermediate projection)||
| + | **slang (SLG) |
| − | |-
| + | **taboo (TAB) |
| − | |PC||Complement of a preposition||A phrasal or clausal category which is selected (subcategorized) by the head of a phrase.||
| + | *[[social deixis]] (SOD) |
| − | |-
| + | **solidarity (SOL) |
| − | |PCP||Perception||Verbs of seeing, hearing, feeling||
| + | ***familiar (FAM) |
| − | |-
| + | ***intimate (ITM) |
| − | |PER||PERSON||A deictic reference to a participant in an event, such as the speaker, the addressee, or others.||
| + | ***polite (PLN) |
| − | |-
| + | **status (STS) |
| − | |PFC||Perfective||A single event conceived as a unit||I swam.
| + | ***equivalent (EVL) |
| − | |-
| + | ***inferior (IFS) |
| − | |PFX||Prefix||Affix that is joined before a root or stem.||un
| + | ***reverential (REV) |
| − | |-
| + | ***superior (SPS) |
| − | |PGS||Progressive||Continuous aspect that expresses processes, not states.||I am eating.
| + | *[[syntactic roles]] (SYN) |
| − | |-
| + | **adjunct (XA) |
| − | |PHE ||Natural phenomena||Nouns denoting natural phenomena||
| + | ***adjunct to the head of an adjective phrase (JA) |
| − | |-
| + | ***adjunct to the head of an adverbial phrase (AA) |
| − | |PLA||Plant||Nouns denoting plants||
| + | ***adjunct to the head of a complementizer phrase (CA) |
| − | |-
| + | ***adjunct to the head of a determiner phrase (DA) |
| − | |PLR||Plural||Number that expresses reference to a quantity greater than that expressed by the largest specific number category in a language, such as "more than one" in English, and "more than two" in some other languages.||they
| + | ***adjunct to the head of an inflectional phrase (IA) |
| − | |-
| + | ***adjunct to the head of a nominal phrase (NA) |
| − | |PLT||Prolative||A case that expresses motion along or by the referent of the noun it marks.||
| + | ***adjunct to the head of a prepositional phrase (PA) |
| − | |-
| + | ***adjunct to the head of a verbal phrase (VA) |
| − | |PON||Possession noun||Nouns denoting possession and transfer of possession||
| + | **complement (XC) |
| − | |-
| + | ***complement of the head of an adjective phrase (JC) |
| − | |POS||PART OF SPEECH||||
| + | ***complement of the head of an adverbial phrase (AC) |
| − | |-
| + | ***complement of the head of a complementizer phrase (CC) |
| − | |POV||Possession verb||Verbs of buying, selling, owning||
| + | ***complement of the head of a determiner phrase (DC) |
| − | |-
| + | ***complement of the head of an inflectional phrase (IC) |
| − | |PP||Prepositional Phrase||Adpositional-bar-bar phrase (maximal projection)||
| + | ***complement of the head of a nominal phrase (NC) |
| − | |-
| + | ***complement of the head of a prepositional phrase (PC) |
| − | |PPL||Prepositional||||
| + | ***complement of the head of a verbal phrase (VC) |
| − | |-
| + | **head (XH) |
| − | |PPN||Proper noun||Noun that is the name of a specific individual, place, or object.||Geneva
| + | ***head of an adverbial phrase (AH) |
| − | |-
| + | ***head of an adjective phrase (JH) |
| − | |PPR||Personal pronoun||A personal pronoun is a pronoun that expresses a distinction of person deixis.||I, he, she, it, we
| + | ***head of a complementizer phrase (CH) |
| − | |-
| + | ***head of a determiner phrase (DH) |
| − | |PPS||Postposition||Adposition that occurs after its complement.||
| + | ***head of an inflectional phrase (IH) |
| − | |-
| + | ***head of a nominal phrase (NH) |
| − | |PPT||Prospective||||I am about to eat.
| + | ***head of a prepositional phrase (PH) |
| − | |-
| + | ***head of a verbal phrase (VH) |
| − | |PRE||Preposition||Adposition that occurs before its complement.||against
| + | **specifier (XS) |
| − | |-
| + | ***specifier of the head of an adjective phrase(JS) |
| − | |PRO||Natural process||Nouns denoting natural processes||
| + | ***specifier of the head of an adverbial phrase (AS) |
| − | |-
| + | ***specifier of the head of a complementizer phrase (CS) |
| − | |PRS||Person||Nouns denoting people||
| + | ***specifier of the head of a determiner phrase(DS) |
| − | |-
| + | ***specifier of the head of an inflectional phrase (IS) |
| − | |PS||Specifier of a preposition||||
| + | ***specifier of the head of a nominal phrase (NS) |
| − | |-
| + | ***specifier of the head of a prepositional phrase (PS) |
| − | |PST||Positive||||
| + | ***specifier of the head of a verbal phrase (VS) |
| − | |-
| + | **maximal projection (XP) |
| − | |PSV||Passive voice||When the subject is the patient, target or undergoer of the action.||
| + | ***adjective phrase (JP) |
| − | |-
| + | ***adverbial phrase (AP) |
| − | |PTC||Particle||A word that does not belong to one of the main classes of words is invariable in form, and typically has grammatical or pragmatic meaning.||to
| + | ***complementizer phrase (CP) |
| − | |-
| + | ***determiner phrase (DP) |
| − | |PTP||Participle||A lexical item, derived from a verb, that has some of the characteristics and functions of both verbs and adjectives.||done
| + | ***inflectional phrase (IP) |
| − | |-
| + | ***nominal phrase (NP) |
| − | |PTT||Partitive||A case that expresses the partial nature of the referent of the noun it marks, as opposed to expressing the whole unit or class of which the referent is a part.||
| + | ***prepositional phrase (PP) |
| − | |-
| + | ***verbal phrase (VP) |
| − | |QDR||Quadrual||||
| + | **intermediate projection (XB) |
| − | |-
| + | ***adverbial phrase (AB) |
| − | |QTT||Quantity||Nouns denoting quantities and units of measure||
| + | ***adjective phrase (JB) |
| − | |-
| + | ***complementizer phrase (CB) |
| − | |QUA||Quantifier||A determiner that expresses a referent's definite or indefinite number or amount.||every
| + | ***determiner phrase (DB) |
| − | |-
| + | ***inflectional phrase (IB) |
| − | |RCAS||Receives Case||Used in case agreement.||
| + | ***nominal phrase (NB) |
| − | |-
| + | ***prepositional phrase (PB) |
| − | |REL||Relation||Nouns denoting relations between people or things or ideas||
| + | ***verbal phrase (VB) |
| − | |-
| + | **trace (TRACE) |
| − | |RGEN||Receives Gender||Used in gender agreement.||
| + | *[[tense]] (TNS) |
| − | |-
| + | **absolute tense (ATE) |
| − | |RNUM||Receives Number||Used in number agreement.||
| + | ***past (PAS) |
| − | |-
| + | ***present (PRS) |
| − | |RPER||Receives Person||Used in person agreement.||
| + | ****preterit (PTR) |
| − | |-
| + | ****hesternal past tense (HEP) |
| − | |RPR||Relative pronoun||A relative pronoun is a pronoun that marks a relative clause, functions grammatically within the relative clause, and is coreferential to the word modified by the relative clause.||The man [who] comes next
| + | ****prehesternal past tense (PEP) |
| − | |-
| + | ****hodiernal past tense (HOP) |
| − | |RT0||Past||||had been (I had been here)
| + | ****prehodiernal past tense (POP) |
| − | |-
| + | ****immediate past tense (IPT) |
| − | |RT1||Present||||
| + | ****nonrecent past tense (NRCP) |
| − | |-
| + | ****recent past tense (RCP) |
| − | |RT2||Future||A relative tense tense that refers to a temporal reference point located in the future.||would had been (I would had been there)
| + | ****nonremote past tense (NRMP) |
| − | |-
| + | ****remote past tense (RMP) |
| − | |RTE||REFERENCE TENSE||A temporal linguistic quality expressing the time at, during, or over which a state or action denoted by a verb occurs with reference to another state or action.||
| + | ***future (FUT) |
| − | |-
| + | ****near future (FUN) |
| − | |SBS||Substance||Nouns denoting substances||
| + | ****remote future (FUR) |
| − | |-
| + | ***nonpast (NPAS) |
| − | |SBW||Subword||A bound morpheme (a root, a stem, an inflection)||bab (baby)
| + | ***nonfuture (NFUT) |
| − | |-
| + | ***still (STL) |
| − | |SCJ||Subordinanting conjunction||A conjunction that links constructions by making one of them a constituent of another.||if
| + | ***not-yet (NYET) |
| − | |-
| + | **relative tense (RTE) |
| − | |SEM||SEMANTIC FEATURES||||
| + | ***relative past (RPT) |
| − | |-
| + | ***relative nonpast (NRPT) |
| − | |SFX||Suffix||Affix that is attached to the end of a root or stem.||s
| + | ***relative present (RPS) |
| − | |-
| + | ***relative future (RFT) |
| − | |SHA||Shape||Nouns denoting two and three dimensional shapes||
| + | ***relative nonfuture (NRFT) |
| − | |-
| + | *[[transitivity]] (TRA) |
| − | |SNG||Singular||Number that refers to one member of a designated class.||he
| + | **no transitivity (NTRA) (linking verb) |
| − | |-
| + | **transitive (TST) |
| − | |SOC||Social||Verbs of political and social activities and events||
| + | ***direct transitive (TSTD) |
| − | |-
| + | ***indirect transitive (TSTI) |
| − | |SP||Sentence||||
| + | ***ditransitive (TST2) |
| − | |-
| + | ***tritransitive (TST3) |
| − | |SPE||Superessive||A case that expresses location on the referent of the noun it marks.||
| + | **intransitive (NTST) |
| − | |-
| + | ***unergative (NERG) |
| − | |SPR||Posessive pronoun||A possessive pronoun is a pronoun that expresses ownership and relationships like ownership, such as kinship, and other forms of association.||my, mine
| + | ***unaccusative (NACC) |
| − | |-
| + | *[[Universal Attribute]]s (att) |
| − | |STA||State||Nouns denoting stable states of affairs||
| + | **animacy attributes (ANIA) |
| − | |-
| + | **aspect attributes (ASPA) |
| − | |STT||Stative||Verbs of being, having, spatial relations||
| + | **degree attributes (DEGA) |
| − | |-
| + | **emotion attributes (FEEL) |
| − | |SUB||Subjunctive||A verb mood typically used in dependent clauses to express wishes, commands, emotion, possibility, judgment, opinion, necessity, or statements that are contrary to fact at present||
| + | **figure of speech attributes (FIGA) |
| − | |-
| + | **gender attributes (GENA) |
| − | |SUP||Superlative||An adjective that compares the quality with many or all others of its kind||best
| + | **information structure attributes (ISTA) |
| − | |-
| + | **lexical attributes (LEXA) |
| − | |SYN||SYNTACTIC ROLES||||
| + | **manner attributes (HOW) |
| − | |-
| + | **modality attributes (MODA) |
| − | |TER||Terminative||||I finished eating.
| + | **person attributes (PERA) |
| − | |-
| + | **polarity attributes (POLA) |
| − | |TIM||Time||Nouns denoting time and temporal relations||
| + | **place attributes (WHERE) |
| − | |-
| + | **quantification attributes (QUAA) |
| − | |TLT||Translative||A case indicating that the referent of the noun, or the quality of the adjective, that it marks is the result of a process of change.||
| + | **register attributes (REGA) |
| − | |-
| + | **social deixis attributes (SODA) |
| − | |TRA||TRANSITIVITY||A property of verbs that relates to whether a verb can take direct objects.||
| + | **specification attributes (WHICH) |
| − | |-
| + | **syntactic structures (SYNA) |
| − | |TRI||Trial||A number that refers to three members of the designated class.||
| + | **time attributes (WHEN) |
| − | |-
| + | **voice attribute (VOIA) |
| − | |TST||Direct transitive||A verb which takes a subject and a single direct object||kiss
| + | *[[Universal Relations]] (rel) |
| − | |-
| + | *[[Universal Words]] (SEM) |
| − | |TTST||Tritransitive||A verb which takes a subject and three objects.||trade
| + | **Adjective concepts |
| − | |-
| + | ***age (AGE) |
| − | |VA||Adjunct of a verb||An optional constituent of a verbal phrase.||
| + | ***colour (COR) |
| − | |-
| + | ***dimension (DMS) |
| − | |VAL||VALENCY||Verb valency or valence refers to the number of arguments controlled by a verbal predicate.||
| + | ***human propensity (HPP) |
| − | |-
| + | ***physical property (PHY) |
| − | |VAL0||Avalent||An avalent verb takes no arguments||rain
| + | ***speed (SPD) |
| − | |-
| + | ***value (VLE) |
| − | |VAL1||Monovalent||A monovalent verb takes one argument||sleep
| + | ***other adjectives (JJJ) |
| − | |-
| + | **Adverbial concepts |
| − | |VAL2||Divalent||A verb which takes two arguments||eat
| + | ***degree (DGR) |
| − | |-
| + | ***manner (MAN) |
| − | |VAL3||Trivalent||A trivalent verb takes three arguments||give
| + | ***place (PLE) |
| − | |-
| + | ***time (TME) |
| − | |VAL4||Tetravalent||A trivalent verb takes four arguments||
| + | ***other adverbs (AAA) |
| − | |-
| + | **Nominal concepts |
| − | |VB||Verbal Phrase||Verbal-bar phrase (intermediate projection)||
| + | ***act or action (ACT) |
| − | |-
| + | ***animal (ANL) |
| − | |VC||Complement of a verb||A phrasal or clausal category which is selected (subcategorized) by the head of a phrase.||
| + | ***artifact (ARF) (man-made objects) |
| − | |-
| + | ***attribute (ATR) (of people and objects) |
| − | |VER||Verb||||buy
| + | ***body part (BON) |
| − | |-
| + | ***cognitive processes and contents (CGN) |
| − | |VOC||Vocative||A case that marks a noun whose referent is being addressed.||
| + | ***communicative processes and contents (CMN) |
| − | |-
| + | ***feelings and emotions (FEE) |
| − | |VOI||VOICE||The voice (also called diathesis) of a verb describes the relationship between the action (or state) that the verb expresses and the participants identified by its arguments (subject, object, etc.).||
| + | ***foods and drinks (FOO) |
| − | |-
| + | ***groupings of people or objects (GRO) |
| − | |VP||Verbal phrase||Verbal-bar-bar phrase (maximal projection)||
| + | ***location (LCT) (spatial position) |
| − | |-
| + | ***motive (MTV) (goals) |
| − | |VS||Specifier of a verb||||
| + | ***natural events (NEV) |
| − | |-
| + | ***natural objects (NOB) (non man-made objects) |
| − | |WEA||Weather||Verbs of raining, snowing, thawing, thundering||
| + | ***natural phenomena (PHE) |
| − | |-
| + | ***plant (PLA) |
| − | |WRD||Regular word||A single-stem free morpheme||
| + | ***possession or transfer of possession (PON) |
| − | |}
| + | ***natural process (NAT) |
| − | | + | ***person (HUM) |
| − | == List of tags (in alphabetical order of names)==
| + | ***quantities and units of measure (QTT) |
| − | | + | ***relations between people or things or ideas (REL) |
| − | {|border="1"
| + | ***substance (SBS) |
| − | !Tag||Name||Definition||Example
| + | ***shape (SHA) (two or three-dimensional shapes) |
| − | |-
| + | ***state (STA) (stable states of affairs) |
| − | |ABB||Abbreviation||||Dr.
| + | ***time and temporal relations (TIM) |
| − | |-
| + | **Verbal concepts |
| − | |ABE||Abessive||A case that expresses the lack or absence of the referent of the noun it marks||
| + | ***body action (BOV) |
| − | |-
| + | ***cognitive verb (CGV) |
| − | |ABL||Ablative||A case that indicates movement from something, and/or cause||
| + | ***change (CHA) |
| − | |-
| + | ***communication verb (CMV) |
| − | |ASL||Absolutive||Case of nouns in ergative-absolutive languages that would generally be the subjects of intransitive verbs or the objects of transitive verbs in the translational equivalents of nominative-accusative languages such as English.||
| + | ***competition (CPT) |
| − | |-
| + | ***creation (CRE) |
| − | |ABS||Abstract||A noun that denotes something viewed as a nonmaterial referent||
| + | ***consumption (CSM) |
| − | |-
| + | ***contact (CTC) |
| − | |ACC||Accusative||A case that indicates the direct object of a verb||him (in I saw him)
| + | ***emotion (EMO) |
| − | |-
| + | ***motion (MOT) |
| − | |ACR||Acronym||||UNL
| + | ***perception (PCP) |
| − | |-
| + | ***possession verb (POV) |
| − | |ACV||Active voice||When the subject is the agent or actor of the verb.||
| + | ***social (SOC) |
| − | |-
| + | ***stative (STT) |
| − | |ACT||Acts or actions||Nouns denoting acts or actions||
| + | ***weather (WEA) |
| − | |-
| + | *[[valency]] (VAL) |
| − | |ADJ||Adjective||Modifiers of nouns.||beautiful
| + | **avalent (VAL0) |
| − | |-
| + | **monovalent (VAL1) |
| − | |JB||Adjective Phrase||Adjective-bar phrase (intermediate projection)||
| + | **divalent (VAL2) |
| − | |-
| + | **trivalent (VAL3) |
| − | |JP||Adjective Phrase||Adjective-bar-bar phrase (maximal projection)||
| + | **tetravalent (VAL4) |
| − | |-
| + | *[[voice]] (VOI) |
| − | |DA||Adjunct of a determiner||An optional constituent of a determiner phrase.||
| + | **active voice (ACV) |
| − | |-
| + | **middle voice (MIV) |
| − | |NA||Adjunct of a noun||An optional constituent of a noun phrase.||
| + | **passive voice (PSV) |
| − | |-
| + | *other |
| − | |PA||Adjunct of a preposition||An optional constituent of a prepositional phrase.||
| + | **System-defined values |
| − | |-
| + | ***CHEAD (beginning of a scope) |
| − | |VA||Adjunct of a verb||An optional constituent of a verbal phrase.||
| + | ***CTAIL (end of a scope) |
| − | |-
| + | ***DIGIT (digits) |
| − | |JA||Adjunct of an adjective||An optional constituent of an adjective phrase.||
| + | ***SCOPE (scope) |
| − | |-
| + | ***SHEAD (beginning of the sentence) |
| − | |IA||Adjunct of an inflection||An optional constituent of an inflectional phrase.||
| + | ***STAIL (end of the sentence) |
| − | |-
| + | ***TEMP (temporary entry - not found in the dictionary) |
| − | |CA||Adjunct to a conjunction||An optional constituent of a complementizer phrase.||
| + | **Grammar-related attributes |
| − | |-
| + | ***FLX (inflectional rules) |
| − | |AA||Adjunct to an adverb||An optional constituent of an adverbial phrase.||
| + | ***FRA (subcategorization frame) |
| − | |-
| + | ***GOV (subcategorization rules) |
| − | |ADV||Adverb||Modifiers of verbs and other constituent classes.||beautifully
| + | ***PAR (inflectional paradigm) |
| − | |-
| + | ***SFR (semantic frame) |
| − | |AB||Adverbial Phrase||Adverbial-bar phrase (intermediate projection)||
| + | }} |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |AP||Adverbial Phrase||Adverbial-bar-bar phrase (maximal projection)||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |ALL||Allative||A case that expresses motion to or toward the referent of the noun it marks.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |ATST||Ambitransitive||A verb that can be used both as intransitive or as transitive without requiring a morphological change||read
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |ANL||Animal||Nouns denoting animals||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |ANM||Animate||Indicates an animate reference||he, she
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |ART||Article||Determiner that identifies a noun's definite or indefinite reference, and new or given status.||the
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |ARF||Artifact||Nouns denoting man-made objects||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |ASP||ASPECT||The grammatical aspect (sometimes called viewpoint aspect) of a verb defines the temporal flow (or lack thereof) in the described event or state. In English, for example, the past-tense sentences "I swam" and "I was swimming" differ in aspect (the first sentence is in what is called the perfective or completive aspect, and the second in what is called the imperfective or durative aspect).||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |ACAS||Assigns Case||Used to indicate case agreement||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |AGEN||Assigns Gender||Used to indicate gender agreement||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |ANUM||Assigns Number||Used to indicate number agreement||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |APER||Assigns Person||Used to indicate person agreement||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |ATT||Attribute||Nouns denoting attributes of people and objects||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |AUX||Auxiliary verb||A verb which accompanies the lexical verb of a verb phrase, and expresses grammatical distinctions not carried by the lexical verb.||will
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |VAL0||Avalent||An avalent verb takes no arguments||rain
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |BEN||Benefactive||A case that expresses that the referent of the noun it marks receives the benefit of the situation expressed by the clause||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |BOV||Body actions||Verbs of grooming, dressing and bodily care||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |BON||Body parts||Nouns denoting body parts||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |CDN||Cardinal numeral||A numeral of the class whose members are considered basic in form, are used in counting, and in expressing how many objects are referred to.||two
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |CAS||CASE||The case of a noun or pronoun indicates its grammatical function in a greater phrase or clause such as the role of subject or of direct object.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |CAU||Causative||A case which expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the cause of the situation expressed by the clause.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |CHA||Change||Verbs of size, temperature change, intensifying, etc.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |CIR||Circumposition||||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |CGN||Cognition nouns||Nouns denoting cognitive processes and contents||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |CGV||Cognition verbs||Verbs of thinking, judging, analyzing, doubting||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |CMT||Comitative||A case expressing accompaniment.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |CMN||Communication nouns||Nouns denoting communicative processes and contents||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |CMV||Communication verbs||Verbs of telling, asking, ordering, singing||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |CMP||Comparative||An adjective that compares the quality with that of another of its kind||better
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |CPT||Competition||Verbs of fighting, athletic activities||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |CC||Complement of a conjunction||A phrasal or clausal category which is selected (subcategorized) by the head of a phrase.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |DC||Complement of a determiner||A phrasal or clausal category which is selected (subcategorized) by the head of a phrase.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |NC||Complement of a noun||A phrasal or clausal category which is selected (subcategorized) by the head of a phrase.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |PC||Complement of a preposition||A phrasal or clausal category which is selected (subcategorized) by the head of a phrase.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |VC||Complement of a verb||A phrasal or clausal category which is selected (subcategorized) by the head of a phrase.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |JC||Complement of an adjective||A phrasal or clausal category which is selected (subcategorized) by the head of a phrase.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |AC||Complement of an adverb||A phrasal or clausal category which is selected (subcategorized) by the head of a phrase.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |IC||Complement of an inflection||A phrasal or clausal category which is selected (subcategorized) by the head of a phrase.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |CON||Conditional mood||The form of the verb used in conditional sentences to refer to a hypothetical state of affairs, or an uncertain event that is contingent on another set of circumstances.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |CB||Conjunctional Phrase||Conjunction-bar phrase (intermediate projection)||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |CP||Conjunctional Phrase||Conjunction-bar-bar phrase (maximal projection)||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |CSM||Consumption||Verbs of eating and drinking||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |CTC||Contact||Verbs of touching, hitting, tying, digging||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |CTN||Continuative||||I am still eating.
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |CTT||Contraction||||don't
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |COO||Coordinating conjunction||A conjunction that links constituents without syntactically subordinating one to the other.||and
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |COP||Copula||An intransitive verb which links a subject to a noun phrase adjective, or other constituent which expresses the predicate.||be (to be)
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |CRE||Creation||Verbs of sewing, baking, painting, performing||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |DAT||Dative case||A case that indicates the indirect object of a verb||us (in He gave us the book)
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |DEF||Definite||Specific and identifiable in a given context||the
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |DEG||DEGREE||Describes the relational value of one thing with something in another clause of a sentence.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |DEL||Delative||A case which expresses motion downward from the referent of the noun it marks.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |DEM||Demonstrative||A determiner that is used deictically to indicate a referent's spatial, temporal, or discourse location.||this
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |DB||Determiner Phrase||Determiner-bar phrase (intermediate projection)||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |DP||Determiner Phrase||Determiner-bar-bar phrase (maximal projection)||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |TST||Direct transitive||A verb which takes a subject and a single direct object||kiss
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |DTST||Ditransitive||A verb which takes a subject and two objects.||give
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |VAL2||Divalent||A verb which takes two arguments||eat
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |DUA||Dual||Number which refers to two members of the class identified by the noun.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |ELA||Elative||A case expressing motion out of or away from the referent of the noun it marks.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |EMO||Emotion||Verbs of feeling||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |EPR||Emphatic pronoun||An emphatic pronoun is a personal pronoun that is used to emphasize its referent.||[Moi], je suis Français.
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |EQU||Equative||A case that expresses likeness or identity to the referent of the noun it marks.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |ERG||Ergative||The case of nouns in ergative-absolutive languages that would generally be the subjects of transitive verbs in the translation equivalents of nominative-accusative languages such as English.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |ESS||Essive||A case that expresses the temporary state of the referent specified by a noun.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |EVT||EVENT TENSE||A temporal linguistic quality expressing the time at, during, or over which a state or action denoted by a verb occurs with reference to the speaker.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |FEE||Feeling||Nouns denoting feelings and emotions||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |FEM||Feminine||A grammatical gender that marks nouns that have human or animal female referents, and often marks nouns that have referents that do not carry distinctions of sex.||she
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |1PP||First person plural||Deictic reference that refers to both the speaker and referents grouped with the speaker.||we
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |1PS||First person singular||Deictic reference that refers to the speaker.||I
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |FOO||Food||Nouns denoting foods and drinks||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |FRA||Fraction numeral||||two thirds
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |ET2||Future||An absolute tense that refers to a time after the moment of utterance.||will be (I will be here)
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |RT2||Future||A relative tense tense that refers to a temporal reference point located in the future.||would had been (I would had been there)
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |GEN||GENDER||||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |GNR||Generic||A noun or noun phrase that refers to a whole class, or any member of a class as a representative of its class.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |GNT||Genitive||A case in which the referent of the marked noun is the possessor of the referent of another noun.||my
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |GER||Gerund||||sleeping
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |GRO||Group||Nouns denoting groupings of people or objects||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |HAB||Habitual||An imperfective aspect that expresses the occurrence of an event or state as characteristic of a period of time.||I used to walk.
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |ILL||Illative||A case that expresses motion into or direction toward the referent of the noun it marks.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |IMP||Imperative||A grammatical mood that expresses direct commands or requests. It is also used to signal a prohibition, permission or any other kind of exhortation.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |NPFC||Imperfective||An event in the process of unfolding (often a repeated or habitual event)||I was swimming.
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |NANM||Inanimate||Indicates an inanimate reference||it
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |ICP||Inceptive||||I started eating.
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |NDEF||Indefinite||Not specific nor identifiable in a given context||a
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |NPR||Indefinite pronoun||An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun that belongs to a class whose members indicate indefinite reference.||anybody, one, somebody
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |IND||Indicative||||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |ITST||Indirect transitive||A verb which takes a subject and a single indirect object||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |INE||Inessive||A case that expresses a location within the referent of the noun it marks.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |INF||Infinitive||The base form of a verb generally unmarked for inflectional categories.||be (to be)
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |IFX||Infix||Affix that is inserted within a root or stem.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |IB||Inflectional Phrase||Inflectional-bar phrase (intermediate projection)||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |IP||Inflectional Phrase||Inflectional-bar-bar phrase (maximal projection)||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |INJ||Injunctive||||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |INS||Instrumental||A case indicating that the referent of the noun it marks is the means of the accomplishment of the action expressed by the clause.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |ITJ||Interjection||||hello
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |IPR||Interrogative pronoun||A pro-form that is used in questions to stand for the item questioned.||who
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |NTST||Intransitive||A verb that does not take an object||fall
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |ITE||Iterative||Aspect that expresses the repetition of an event or state.||I ate it again and again.
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |LAT||Lative||A case that expresses motion up to the location of, or as far as the referent of the noun it marks.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |LEX||LEXICAL STATUS||||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |LCT||Location||Nouns denoting spatial position||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |LOC||Locative||A case that expresses location at the referent of the noun it marks.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |MCL||Masculine||Includes most words that refer to males.||he
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |MAF||Masculine and feminine||Variable gender||un après-midi = une après-midi
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |MOF||Masculine or feminine||Common gender||le pianiste x la pianiste
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |MID||Middle voice||A voice that indicates that the subject is the actor and acts upon himself or herself reflexively, or for his or her own benefit.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |MOV||Modal verb||||can
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |VAL1||Monovalent||A monovalent verb takes one argument||sleep
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |MOO||MOOD||A verb mood typically used in dependent clauses to express wishes, commands, emotion, possibility, judgment, opinion, necessity, or statements that are contrary to fact at present.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |MOT||Motion||Verbs of walking, flying, swimming||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |MTV||Motive||Nouns denoting goals||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |MUL||Multiplicative numeral||A numeral that expresses how many fold or how many times.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |MTW||Multiword expression||A free morpheme comprising more than one stem||United States of America
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |NEV||Natural events||Nouns denoting natural events||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |NOB||Natural objects||Nouns denoting natural objects (not man-made)||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |PHE ||Natural phenomena||Nouns denoting natural phenomena||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |PRO||Natural process||Nouns denoting natural processes||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |NEU||Neuter||Includes mostly words that do not refer to males or females.||it
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |NB||Nominal Phrase||Nominal-bar phrase (intermediate projection)||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |NP||Nominal Phrase||Nominal-bar-bar phrase (maximal projection)||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |NOM||Nominative||Indicates the subject of a finite verb.||I (in I saw him)
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |NABS||Non-abstract||A noun that denotes something viewed as a material referent||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |NOU||Noun||||beauty
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |NUM||NUMBER||A grammatical category of nouns, pronouns, and adjective and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |OPT||Optative||A grammatical mood that indicates a wish or hope.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |ORD||Ordinal numeral||A numeral belonging to a class whose members designate positions in a sequence.||second
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |POS||PART OF SPEECH||||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |PTP||Participle||A lexical item, derived from a verb, that has some of the characteristics and functions of both verbs and adjectives.||done
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |PTC||Particle||A word that does not belong to one of the main classes of words is invariable in form, and typically has grammatical or pragmatic meaning.||to
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |PTT||Partitive||A case that expresses the partial nature of the referent of the noun it marks, as opposed to expressing the whole unit or class of which the referent is a part.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |PSV||Passive voice||When the subject is the patient, target or undergoer of the action.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |ET0||Past||An absolute tense that refers to a time before the moment of utterance.||was (I was here)
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |RT0||Past||||had been (I had been here)
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |PAU||Paucal||||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |PCP||Perception||Verbs of seeing, hearing, feeling||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |PFC||Perfective||A single event conceived as a unit||I swam.
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |PER||PERSON||A deictic reference to a participant in an event, such as the speaker, the addressee, or others.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |PRS||Person||Nouns denoting people||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |PPR||Personal pronoun||A personal pronoun is a pronoun that expresses a distinction of person deixis.||I, he, she, it, we
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |PLA||Plant||Nouns denoting plants||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |PLR||Plural||Number that expresses reference to a quantity greater than that expressed by the largest specific number category in a language, such as "more than one" in English, and "more than two" in some other languages.||they
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |SPR||Posessive pronoun||A possessive pronoun is a pronoun that expresses ownership and relationships like ownership, such as kinship, and other forms of association.||my, mine
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |PST||Positive||||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |PON||Possession noun||Nouns denoting possession and transfer of possession||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |POV||Possession verb||Verbs of buying, selling, owning||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |PPS||Postposition||Adposition that occurs after its complement.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |PFX||Prefix||Affix that is joined before a root or stem.||un
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |PRE||Preposition||Adposition that occurs before its complement.||against
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |PPL||Prepositional||||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |PB||Prepositional Phrase||Adpositional-bar phrase (intermediate projection)||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |PP||Prepositional Phrase||Adpositional-bar-bar phrase (maximal projection)||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |ET1||Present||Absolute tense that refers to the moment of utterance||am (I am here)
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |RT1||Present||||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |PGS||Progressive||Continuous aspect that expresses processes, not states.||I am eating.
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |PLT||Prolative||A case that expresses motion along or by the referent of the noun it marks.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |PPN||Proper noun||Noun that is the name of a specific individual, place, or object.||Geneva
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |PPT||Prospective||||I am about to eat.
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |QDR||Quadrual||||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |QUA||Quantifier||A determiner that expresses a referent's definite or indefinite number or amount.||every
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |QTT||Quantity||Nouns denoting quantities and units of measure||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |RCAS||Receives Case||Used in case agreement.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |RGEN||Receives Gender||Used in gender agreement.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |RNUM||Receives Number||Used in number agreement.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |RPER||Receives Person||Used in person agreement.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |CPR||Reciprocal pronoun||A reciprocal pronoun is a pronoun that expresses a mutual feeling or action among the referents of a plural subject.||They hit [each other].
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |RTE||REFERENCE TENSE||A temporal linguistic quality expressing the time at, during, or over which a state or action denoted by a verb occurs with reference to another state or action.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |FPR||Reflexive pronoun||A reflexive pronoun is a pronoun that has coreference with the subject.||He prides [himself] on his appearance.
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |WRD||Regular word||A single-stem free morpheme||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |REL||Relation||Nouns denoting relations between people or things or ideas||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |RPR||Relative pronoun||A relative pronoun is a pronoun that marks a relative clause, functions grammatically within the relative clause, and is coreferential to the word modified by the relative clause.||The man [who] comes next
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |2PP||Second person plural||Deictic reference to more than one referent identified as addressee.||you
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |2PS||Second person singular||Deictic reference to a single referent identified as addressee.||you
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |SEM||SEMANTIC FEATURES||||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |SP||Sentence||||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |SHA||Shape||Nouns denoting two and three dimensional shapes||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |SNG||Singular||Number that refers to one member of a designated class.||he
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |SOC||Social||Verbs of political and social activities and events||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |CS||Specifier of a conjunction||||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |DS||Specifier of a determiner||||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |NS||Specifier of a noun||||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |PS||Specifier of a preposition||||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |VS||Specifier of a verb||||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |JS||Specifier of an adjective||||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |AS||Specifier of an adverb||||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |IS||Specifier of an inflection||||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |STA||State||Nouns denoting stable states of affairs||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |STT||Stative||Verbs of being, having, spatial relations||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |SUB||Subjunctive||A verb mood typically used in dependent clauses to express wishes, commands, emotion, possibility, judgment, opinion, necessity, or statements that are contrary to fact at present||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |SCJ||Subordinanting conjunction||A conjunction that links constructions by making one of them a constituent of another.||if
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |SBS||Substance||Nouns denoting substances||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |SBW||Subword||A bound morpheme (a root, a stem, an inflection)||bab (baby)
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |SFX||Suffix||Affix that is attached to the end of a root or stem.||s
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |SPE||Superessive||A case that expresses location on the referent of the noun it marks.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |SUP||Superlative||An adjective that compares the quality with many or all others of its kind||best
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |SYN||SYNTACTIC ROLES||||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |TER||Terminative||||I finished eating.
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |VAL4||Tetravalent||A trivalent verb takes four arguments||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |3PP||Third person plural||Deictic reference to more than one referent not identified as the speaker or addressee.||they
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |3PS||Third person singular||Deictic reference to a single referent not identified as the speaker or addressee.||he
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |TIM||Time||Nouns denoting time and temporal relations||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |TRA||TRANSITIVITY||A property of verbs that relates to whether a verb can take direct objects.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |TLT||Translative||A case indicating that the referent of the noun, or the quality of the adjective, that it marks is the result of a process of change.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |TRI||Trial||A number that refers to three members of the designated class.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |TTST||Tritransitive||A verb which takes a subject and three objects.||trade
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |VAL3||Trivalent||A trivalent verb takes three arguments||give
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |VAL||VALENCY||Verb valency or valence refers to the number of arguments controlled by a verbal predicate.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |VER||Verb||||buy
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |VB||Verbal Phrase||Verbal-bar phrase (intermediate projection)||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |VP||Verbal phrase||Verbal-bar-bar phrase (maximal projection)||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |VOC||Vocative||A case that marks a noun whose referent is being addressed.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |VOI||VOICE||The voice (also called diathesis) of a verb describes the relationship between the action (or state) that the verb expresses and the participants identified by its arguments (subject, object, etc.).||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |WEA||Weather||Verbs of raining, snowing, thawing, thundering||
| + | |
| − | |}
| + | |
The set of features in a UNL-driven dictionary depends on the structure of the natural language and may vary a lot. However, in order to better standardize lexical resources inside the UNL framework, the UNDL Foundation recommends the adoption of the following tags for some specific and pervasive grammatical phenomena. Several of those linguistic constants have been already proposed to the Data Category Registry (ISO 12620), and represent widely accepted linguistic concepts. Our main intention here is just to provide a harmonized system to be shared by the UNL community so as to make dictionaries as easily understandable and exchangeable as possible.
The UNDLF Tagset is required for providing lexical resources (dictionary entries and grammar rules) in the UNLarium framework. Indeed, the whole environment has been already prepared to accept only the tags here presented. In most cases, the use of tags is rather unnoticeable and effortless, since users are supposed to make higher-level choices ("adjective", for instance) which will be internally represented through the corresponding authorized labels ("ADJ"). However, in several circumstances, as when creating inflectional paradigms or subcategorization frames, users are expected to address more fine-grained linguistic phenomena that may require a specialized metalanguage. That's exactly the purpose of this tagset: to provide the technical means for describing any linguistic behaviour. And it should do that in a strongly standardised way, i.e., so that others could easily understand and exploit the data for their own benefit.
In order to define the tags to be used in the UNDLF Tagset, the following premises were adopted:
The hierarchy of tags is depicted in the tree below. The topmost level represents the attributes of which the tags are a value. Lower positions subsume upper levels (for instance: progressive is a value of continuative, which is a value of imperfective, which is a value of the attribute aspect), but are not mandatory, as they can be too specialized ("go" is just a verb, and not any of the subcategories of verb). In any case, natural language phenomena should be classified as deep as possible in the tagset structure ("un-" should be classified as a prefix, rather than as an affix).
