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| | The set of features in a UNL-driven dictionary depends on the structure of the natural language and may vary a lot. However, in order to better standardize lexical resources inside the UNL framework, the UNDL Foundation recommends the adoption of the following tags for some specific and pervasive grammatical phenomena. Several of those linguistic constants have been already proposed to the '''Data Category Registry''' (ISO 12620), and represent widely accepted linguistic concepts. Our main intention here is just to provide a harmonized system to be shared by the UNL community so as to make dictionaries as easily understandable and exchangeable as possible. | | The set of features in a UNL-driven dictionary depends on the structure of the natural language and may vary a lot. However, in order to better standardize lexical resources inside the UNL framework, the UNDL Foundation recommends the adoption of the following tags for some specific and pervasive grammatical phenomena. Several of those linguistic constants have been already proposed to the '''Data Category Registry''' (ISO 12620), and represent widely accepted linguistic concepts. Our main intention here is just to provide a harmonized system to be shared by the UNL community so as to make dictionaries as easily understandable and exchangeable as possible. |
| | | | |
| − | == General Guidelines == | + | == When to use the UNDLF Tagset == |
| | | | |
| − | In order to define the tags to be used in the UNL Tagset, the following premises were adopted:
| + | The UNDLF Tagset is required for providing lexical resources (dictionary entries and grammar rules) in the [http://www.undlfoundation.org/unlarium UNLarium] framework. Indeed, the whole environment has been already prepared to accept only the tags here presented. In most cases, the use of tags is rather unnoticeable and effortless, since users are supposed to make higher-level choices ("adjective", for instance) which will be internally represented through the corresponding authorized labels ("ADJ"). However, in several circumstances, as when creating inflectional paradigms or subcategorization frames, users are expected to address more fine-grained linguistic phenomena that may require a specialized metalanguage. That's exactly the purpose of this tagset: to provide the technical means for describing any linguistic behaviour. And it should do that in a strongly standardised way, i.e., so that others could easily understand and exploit the data for their own benefit. |
| − | * Tags should be as few as possible
| + | |
| − | * Tags should be as short as possible
| + | |
| − | * Tags should be as mnemonic as possible
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | These assumptions led us to the following general guidelines:
| + | == General Guidelines == |
| − | * Tags should be made of a '''three-character upper-case string'''
| + | |
| − | * Tags should be labelled out of '''English words'''
| + | |
| − | * Tags should be provided in a '''attribute-value structure''', along with definitions and examples.
| + | |
| | | | |
| − | The resulting set of tags, which is still subject to additions and revisions, is presented below. For the time being, the definitions and examples have been extracted out of the ''Glossary of Linguistic Terms'' (Loos et alii), available at [http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/ SIL International]. The tags are expected to migrate to an on-line environment, still under construction, where accredited linguists will have the opportunity to improve this repertoire.
| + | In order to define the tags to be used in the UNDLF Tagset, the following premises were adopted: |
| | + | *Tags should be as comprehensive as possible (i.e., they should cover all widely accepted linguistic concepts) |
| | + | *Tags should be as few as possible (i.e., they should avoid redundancy) |
| | + | *Tags should be as short as possible (i.e., they should fit in a three-character string) |
| | + | *Tags should be as mnemonic as possible (i.e., they should be provided through English acronyms or abbreviations) |
| | + | *Tags should constitute a taxonomic hierarchy (so that upper level values could be inferred from the lower ones). |
| | | | |
| − | == List of tags (in alphabetical order of tags)== | + | Additionally, the following conventions were adopted: |
| | + | *Tags are written in upper case letters; |
| | + | *Negation is represented by prefixation with "N-" (past = PAS, nonpast = NPAS). |
| | | | |
| − | {{#tree:
| + | We have tried to stick to the standard abbreviations proposed by the [http://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/resources/glossing-rules.php Leipzig Glossing Rules] and by David Crystal in ''A dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics'' (2008), as much as they comply with the rules above. The resulting set of tags, which is still subject to additions and revisions, is presented below. For the time being, the definitions and examples have been extracted out of the ''Glossary of Linguistic Terms'' (Loos et alii), available at [http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/ SIL International]. The tags are expected to migrate to an on-line environment, still under construction, where accredited linguists will have the opportunity to enhance and to improve this repertoire. |
| − | *[[Main Page]]
| + | |
| − | *[[Special:Recentchanges|Recent changes]]
| + | |
| − | *{{#ifgroup:sysop|Admin}}
| + | |
| − | *{{#ifgroup:sysop|Logs}}
| + | |
| − | *{{#ifgroup:sysop|Tasks}}
| + | |
| − | }}
| + | |
| | | | |
| | + | == Tree of attributes and values == |
| | | | |
| | + | The hierarchy of tags is depicted in the tree below. The topmost level represents the attributes of which the tags are a value. Lower positions subsume upper levels (for instance: progressive is a value of continuative, which is a value of imperfective, which is a value of the attribute aspect), but are not mandatory, as they can be too specialized ("go" is just a verb, and not any of the subcategories of verb). In any case, natural language phenomena should be classified as deep as possible in the tagset structure ("un-" should be classified as a prefix, rather than as an affix). |
| | | | |
| | + | [http://www.unlweb.net/unlarium/dictionary/export_tagset.php List of tags in alphabetical order] |
| | | | |
| | + | {{#tree:id=tagset|openlevels=0|root=Tags| |
| | | | |
| − | | + | *[[abstractness]] (ABN) |
| − | | + | **abstract (ABT) |
| − | | + | **concrete (CCT) |
| − | | + | *[[adjacency]] (AJC) |
| − | {|border="1"
| + | **immediate (AJ0) |
| − | !Tag||Name||Definition||Example
| + | **nearest (AJ1) |
| − | |-
| + | **near (AJ2) |
| − | |1PP||First person plural||Deictic reference that refers to both the speaker and referents grouped with the speaker.||we
| + | **distant (AJ3) |
| − | |-
| + | **most distant (AJ4) |
| − | |1PS||First person singular||Deictic reference that refers to the speaker.||I
| + | *[[agreement]] (AGR) |
| − | |-
| + | **assigns case (ACAS) |
| − | |2PP||Second person plural||Deictic reference to more than one referent identified as addressee.||you
| + | **assigns gender (AGEN) |
| − | |-
| + | **assigns number (ANUM) |
| − | |2PS||Second person singular||Deictic reference to a single referent identified as addressee.||you
| + | **assigns person (APER) |
| − | |-
| + | **assigns tense (ATNS) |
| − | |3PP||Third person plural||Deictic reference to more than one referent not identified as the speaker or addressee.||they
| + | **receives case (RCAS) |
| − | |-
| + | **receives gender (RGEN) |
| − | |3PS||Third person singular||Deictic reference to a single referent not identified as the speaker or addressee.||he
| + | **receives number (RNUM) |
| − | |-
| + | **receives person (RPER) |
| − | |AA||Adjunct to an adverb||An optional constituent of an adverbial phrase.||
| + | **receives tense (RTNS) |
| − | |-
| + | *alienability (ALY) |
| − | |AB||Adverbial Phrase||Adverbial-bar phrase (intermediate projection)||
| + | **alienable (ALI) |
| − | |-
| + | **unalienable (NALI) |
| − | |ABB||Abbreviation||||Dr.
| + | *[[animacy]] (ANI) |
| − | |-
| + | **animate (ANM) |
| − | |ABE||Abessive||A case that expresses the lack or absence of the referent of the noun it marks||
| + | **inanimate (NANM) |
| − | |-
| + | *[[aspect]] (ASP) |
| − | |ABL||Ablative||A case that indicates movement from something, and/or cause||
| + | **aorist (AOR) |
| − | |-
| + | **causative (CAU) |
| − | |ABS||Abstract||A noun that denotes something viewed as a nonmaterial referent||
| + | **perfective (PFV) |
| − | |-
| + | **imperfective (NPFV) |
| − | |AC||Complement of an adverb||A phrasal or clausal category which is selected (subcategorized) by the head of a phrase.||
| + | ***continuative (CTN) |
| − | |-
| + | ****progressive (PGS) |
| − | |ACAS||Assigns Case||Used to indicate case agreement||
| + | ***habitual (HAB) |
| − | |-
| + | ***iterative (ITE) |
| − | |ACC||Accusative||A case that indicates the direct object of a verb||him (in I saw him)
| + | **perfect (PFC) |
| − | |-
| + | ***experiential perfect aspect (EXP) |
| − | |ACR||Acronym||||UNL
| + | ***perfect of persistent situation (PSS) |
| − | |-
| + | ***perfect of recent past (PRP) |
| − | |ACT||Acts or actions||Nouns denoting acts or actions||
| + | ***perfect of result (RES) |
| − | |-
| + | **prospective (PPT) |
| − | |ACV||Active voice||When the subject is the agent or actor of the verb.||
| + | **inceptive (ICP) |
| − | |-
| + | **terminative (TER) |
| − | |ADJ||Adjective||Modifiers of nouns.||beautiful
| + | *cardinality (CAR) |
| − | |-
| + | **one single referent (ONE) |
| − | |ADV||Adverb||Modifiers of verbs and other constituent classes.||beautifully
| + | **a pair of referents (TWO) |
| − | |-
| + | **three referents (TRE) |
| − | |AGEN||Assigns Gender||Used to indicate gender agreement||
| + | **countable (CTB) |
| − | |-
| + | **uncountable (NCTB) |
| − | |ALL||Allative||A case that expresses motion to or toward the referent of the noun it marks.||
| + | **collective (COL) |
| − | |-
| + | **more than one referent (PLU) |
| − | |ANL||Animal||Nouns denoting animals||
| + | *[[case]] (CAS) |
| − | |-
| + | **abessive (ABE) |
| − | |ANM||Animate||Indicates an animate reference||he, she
| + | **ablative (ABL) |
| − | |-
| + | **accusative (ACC) |
| − | |ANUM||Assigns Number||Used to indicate number agreement||
| + | **adessive (ADE) |
| − | |-
| + | **allative (ALL) |
| − | |AP||Adverbial Phrase||Adverbial-bar-bar phrase (maximal projection)||
| + | **absolutive (ABS) |
| − | |-
| + | **benefactive (BEN) |
| − | |APER||Assigns Person||Used to indicate person agreement||
| + | **comitative (CMT) |
| − | |-
| + | **construct state (CTS) |
| − | |ARF||Artifact||Nouns denoting man-made objects||
| + | **dative (DAT) |
| − | |-
| + | **delative (DEL) |
| − | |ART||Article||Determiner that identifies a noun's definite or indefinite reference, and new or given status.||the
| + | **elative (ELA) |
| − | |-
| + | **equative (EQU) |
| − | |AS||Specifier of an adverb||||
| + | **ergative (ERG) |
| − | |-
| + | **essive (ESS) |
| − | |ASL||Absolutive||Case of nouns in ergative-absolutive languages that would generally be the subjects of intransitive verbs or the objects of transitive verbs in the translational equivalents of nominative-accusative languages such as English.||
| + | **genitive (GNT) |
| − | |-
| + | **hortative (HOR) |
| − | |ASP||ASPECT||The grammatical aspect (sometimes called viewpoint aspect) of a verb defines the temporal flow (or lack thereof) in the described event or state. In English, for example, the past-tense sentences "I swam" and "I was swimming" differ in aspect (the first sentence is in what is called the perfective or completive aspect, and the second in what is called the imperfective or durative aspect).||
| + | **illative (ILL) |
| − | |-
| + | **inessive (INE) |
| − | |ATST||Ambitransitive||A verb that can be used both as intransitive or as transitive without requiring a morphological change||read
| + | **instrumental (INS) |
| − | |-
| + | **lative (LAT) |
| − | |ATT||Attribute||Nouns denoting attributes of people and objects||
| + | **locative (LOC) |
| − | |-
| + | **nominative (NOM) |
| − | |AUX||Auxiliary verb||A verb which accompanies the lexical verb of a verb phrase, and expresses grammatical distinctions not carried by the lexical verb.||will
| + | **oblique (OBL) |
| − | |-
| + | **prolative (PLT) |
| − | |BEN||Benefactive||A case that expresses that the referent of the noun it marks receives the benefit of the situation expressed by the clause||
| + | **prepositional (PPL) |
| − | |-
| + | **partitive (PTT) |
| − | |BON||Body parts||Nouns denoting body parts||
| + | **superessive (SPE) |
| − | |-
| + | **terminative (TRM) |
| − | |BOV||Body actions||Verbs of grooming, dressing and bodily care||
| + | **translative (TLT) |
| − | |-
| + | **vocative (VOC) |
| − | |CA||Adjunct to a conjunction||An optional constituent of a complementizer phrase.||
| + | *defineteness (DFN) |
| − | |-
| + | **definite (DEF) |
| − | |CAS||CASE||The case of a noun or pronoun indicates its grammatical function in a greater phrase or clause such as the role of subject or of direct object.||
| + | **generic (GNR) |
| − | |-
| + | **indefinite (NDEF) |
| − | |CAU||Causative||A case which expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the cause of the situation expressed by the clause.||
| + | **nonspecified (NSPC) |
| − | |-
| + | **specificied (SPC) |
| − | |CB||Conjunctional Phrase||Conjunction-bar phrase (intermediate projection)||
| + | *[[degree]] (DEG) |
| − | |-
| + | **augmentative (AUG) |
| − | |CC||Complement of a conjunction||A phrasal or clausal category which is selected (subcategorized) by the head of a phrase.||
| + | **comparative (CMP) |
| − | |-
| + | **diminutive (DIM) |
| − | |CDN||Cardinal numeral||A numeral of the class whose members are considered basic in form, are used in counting, and in expressing how many objects are referred to.||two
| + | **positive (PST) |
| − | |-
| + | **superlative (SUP) |
| − | |CGN||Cognition nouns||Nouns denoting cognitive processes and contents||
| + | ***absolute superlative (SUPA) |
| − | |-
| + | ***comparative superlative (SUPR) |
| − | |CGV||Cognition verbs||Verbs of thinking, judging, analyzing, doubting||
| + | *[[distribution]] (DIS) |
| − | |-
| + | **after (AFT) |
| − | |CHA||Change||Verbs of size, temperature change, intensifying, etc.||
| + | **before (BEF) |
| − | |-
| + | **end (END) |
| − | |CIR||Circumposition||||
| + | **free (FRE) |
| − | |-
| + | **front (FRT) |
| − | |CMN||Communication nouns||Nouns denoting communicative processes and contents||
| + | **immediately after (IAFT) |
| − | |-
| + | **immediately before (IBEF) |
| − | |CMP||Comparative||An adjective that compares the quality with that of another of its kind||better
| + | **middle (MID) |
| − | |-
| + | *[[information structure]] (IST) |
| − | |CMT||Comitative||A case expressing accompaniment.||
| + | **focus (FOC) |
| − | |-
| + | **rheme (RHE) |
| − | |CMV||Communication verbs||Verbs of telling, asking, ordering, singing||
| + | **theme (THE) |
| − | |-
| + | *[[gender]] (GEN) |
| − | |CON||Conditional mood||The form of the verb used in conditional sentences to refer to a hypothetical state of affairs, or an uncertain event that is contingent on another set of circumstances.||
| + | **feminine (FEM) |
| − | |-
| + | **masculine (MCL) |
| − | |COO||Coordinating conjunction||A conjunction that links constituents without syntactically subordinating one to the other.||and
| + | **neuter (NEU) |
| − | |-
| + | **common (COM) |
| − | |COP||Copula||An intransitive verb which links a subject to a noun phrase adjective, or other constituent which expresses the predicate.||be (to be)
| + | **variable (VAR) |
| − | |-
| + | *[[lexical category]] (LEX) |
| − | |CP||Conjunctional Phrase||Conjunction-bar-bar phrase (maximal projection)||
| + | **[[adjective]] (J) |
| − | |-
| + | **[[adposition]] (P) |
| − | |CPR||Reciprocal pronoun||A reciprocal pronoun is a pronoun that expresses a mutual feeling or action among the referents of a plural subject.||They hit [each other].
| + | **[[adverb]] (A) |
| − | |-
| + | **[[affix]] (F) |
| − | |CPT||Competition||Verbs of fighting, athletic activities||
| + | **[[conjunction]] (C) |
| − | |-
| + | **[[determiner]] (D) |
| − | |CRE||Creation||Verbs of sewing, baking, painting, performing||
| + | **[[inflection]] (I) |
| − | |-
| + | **[[noun]] (N) |
| − | |CS||Specifier of a conjunction||||
| + | **[[numeral]] (U) |
| − | |-
| + | **[[noun|proper noun]] (E) |
| − | |CSM||Consumption||Verbs of eating and drinking||
| + | **[[pronoun]] (R) |
| − | |-
| + | **[[verb]] (V) |
| − | |CTC||Contact||Verbs of touching, hitting, tying, digging||
| + | **other (O) |
| − | |-
| + | *[[lexical structure]] (LST) |
| − | |CTN||Continuative||||I am still eating.
| + | **subword (SBW) |
| − | |-
| + | **simple word (WRD) |
| − | |CTT||Contraction||||don't
| + | ***abbreviation (ABB) and single-word contraction |
| − | |-
| + | ***clitic (CLI) |
| − | |DA||Adjunct of a determiner||An optional constituent of a determiner phrase.||
| + | **multiword expression (MTW) |
| − | |-
| + | ***acronym (ACR) and initialism |
| − | |DAT||Dative case||A case that indicates the indirect object of a verb||us (in He gave us the book)
| + | ***multiple-word contraction (CTT) and blend |
| − | |-
| + | *[[modality]] (MOD) |
| − | |DB||Determiner Phrase||Determiner-bar phrase (intermediate projection)||
| + | **realis (REA) |
| − | |-
| + | **irrealis (NREA) |
| − | |DC||Complement of a determiner||A phrasal or clausal category which is selected (subcategorized) by the head of a phrase.||
| + | **alethic (ALE) |
| − | |-
| + | **deontic (DEO) |
| − | |DEF||Definite||Specific and identifiable in a given context||the
| + | ***comissive (CMS) |
| − | |-
| + | ***directive (DRT) |
| − | |DEG||DEGREE||Describes the relational value of one thing with something in another clause of a sentence.||
| + | ***volitive (VLT) |
| − | |-
| + | **epistemic (EPI) |
| − | |DEL||Delative||A case which expresses motion downward from the referent of the noun it marks.||
| + | ***evidentiality (EVI) |
| − | |-
| + | ***judgment (JDG) |
| − | |DEM||Demonstrative||A determiner that is used deictically to indicate a referent's spatial, temporal, or discourse location.||this
| + | *[[mood]] (MOO) |
| − | |-
| + | **none (non-finite verb forms) (VBL) |
| − | |DP||Determiner Phrase||Determiner-bar-bar phrase (maximal projection)||
| + | ***gerund (GER) |
| − | |-
| + | ***gerundive (GDV) |
| − | |DS||Specifier of a determiner||||
| + | ***infinitive (INF) |
| − | |-
| + | ***participle (PTP) |
| − | |DTST||Ditransitive||A verb which takes a subject and two objects.||give
| + | ***supine (SPN) |
| − | |-
| + | **assumptive (AUM) |
| − | |DUA||Dual||Number which refers to two members of the class identified by the noun.||
| + | **causative (CAU) |
| − | |-
| + | **conditional (CON) |
| − | |ELA||Elative||A case expressing motion out of or away from the referent of the noun it marks.||
| + | **declarative (DEC) |
| − | |-
| + | **deductive (DED) |
| − | |EMO||Emotion||Verbs of feeling||
| + | **deliberative (DLB) |
| − | |-
| + | **dubitative (DUB) |
| − | |EPR||Emphatic pronoun||An emphatic pronoun is a personal pronoun that is used to emphasize its referent.||[Moi], je suis Français.
| + | **hypothetical (HYP) |
| − | |-
| + | **imperative (IMP) |
| − | |EQU||Equative||A case that expresses likeness or identity to the referent of the noun it marks.||
| + | **imprecative (IPC) |
| − | |-
| + | **indicative (IND) |
| − | |ERG||Ergative||The case of nouns in ergative-absolutive languages that would generally be the subjects of transitive verbs in the translation equivalents of nominative-accusative languages such as English.||
| + | **inferential (INFR) |
| − | |-
| + | **interrogative (INT) |
| − | |ESS||Essive||A case that expresses the temporary state of the referent specified by a noun.||
| + | **jussive (JUS) |
| − | |-
| + | **obligative (OBM) |
| − | |ET0||Past||An absolute tense that refers to a time before the moment of utterance.||was (I was here)
| + | **optative (OPT) |
| − | |-
| + | **permissive (PMS) |
| − | |ET1||Present||Absolute tense that refers to the moment of utterance||am (I am here)
| + | **potential (POT) |
| − | |-
| + | **precative (PCT) |
| − | |ET2||Future||An absolute tense that refers to a time after the moment of utterance.||will be (I will be here)
| + | **prohibitive (PHB) |
| − | |-
| + | **speculative (SPT) |
| − | |EVT||EVENT TENSE||A temporal linguistic quality expressing the time at, during, or over which a state or action denoted by a verb occurs with reference to the speaker.||
| + | **subjunctive (SUB) |
| − | |-
| + | *[[morphology]] (MOR) |
| − | |FEE||Feeling||Nouns denoting feelings and emotions||
| + | **affix (AFF) |
| − | |-
| + | ***inflectional affix (IAX) |
| − | |FEM||Feminine||A grammatical gender that marks nouns that have human or animal female referents, and often marks nouns that have referents that do not carry distinctions of sex.||she
| + | ***derivational affix (DAX) |
| − | |-
| + | **base form (BF) |
| − | |FOO||Food||Nouns denoting foods and drinks||
| + | ***root (ROO) |
| − | |-
| + | ***stem (STE) |
| − | |FPR||Reflexive pronoun||A reflexive pronoun is a pronoun that has coreference with the subject.||He prides [himself] on his appearance.
| + | **word form (WFO) |
| − | |-
| + | **alternative form (ALT) |
| − | |FRA||Fraction numeral||||two thirds
| + | ***alternative form 1 (ALT1) |
| − | |-
| + | ***alternative form 2 (ALT2) |
| − | |GEN||GENDER||||
| + | ***alternative form 3 (ALT3) |
| − | |-
| + | ***short or weak form (SHO) |
| − | |GER||Gerund||||sleeping
| + | ***long or strong form (STR) |
| − | |-
| + | *[[number]] (NUM) |
| − | |GNR||Generic||A noun or noun phrase that refers to a whole class, or any member of a class as a representative of its class.||
| + | **singular (SNG) |
| − | |-
| + | ***singulare tantum (SNGT) |
| − | |GNT||Genitive||A case in which the referent of the marked noun is the possessor of the referent of another noun.||my
| + | **plural (PLR) |
| − | |-
| + | ***dual (DUA) |
| − | |GRO||Group||Nouns denoting groupings of people or objects||
| + | ***trial (TRI) |
| − | |-
| + | ***quadrual (QDR) |
| − | |HAB||Habitual||An imperfective aspect that expresses the occurrence of an event or state as characteristic of a period of time.||I used to walk.
| + | ***paucal (PAU) |
| − | |-
| + | ***multal (MUL) |
| − | |IA||Adjunct of an inflection||An optional constituent of an inflectional phrase.||
| + | ***plurale tantum (PLRT) |
| − | |-
| + | **invariant (INV) |
| − | |IB||Inflectional Phrase||Inflectional-bar phrase (intermediate projection)||
| + | *[[part of speech]] (POS) |
| − | |-
| + | **[[adjective]]s (J) |
| − | |IC||Complement of an inflection||A phrasal or clausal category which is selected (subcategorized) by the head of a phrase.||
| + | ***adjective (ADJ) |
| − | |-
| + | ***participle (PTL) |
| − | |ICP||Inceptive||||I started eating.
| + | **[[adposition]] (P) |
| − | |-
| + | ***circumposition (CIR) |
| − | |IFX||Infix||Affix that is inserted within a root or stem.||
| + | ***postposition (PPS) |
| − | |-
| + | ***preposition (PRE) |
| − | |ILL||Illative||A case that expresses motion into or direction toward the referent of the noun it marks.||
| + | **[[adverb]] (A) |
| − | |-
| + | ***specifier adverb (SAV) |
| − | |IMP||Imperative||A grammatical mood that expresses direct commands or requests. It is also used to signal a prohibition, permission or any other kind of exhortation.||
| + | ***adjunct adverb (AAV) |
| − | |-
| + | ***conjunct (CJT) |
| − | |IND||Indicative||||
| + | ***disjunct (DJT) |
| − | |-
| + | **[[affix]] (F) |
| − | |INE||Inessive||A case that expresses a location within the referent of the noun it marks.||
| + | ***circumfix (CCX) |
| − | |-
| + | ***infix (IFX) |
| − | |INF||Infinitive||The base form of a verb generally unmarked for inflectional categories.||be (to be)
| + | ***prefix (PFX) |
| − | |-
| + | ***suffix (SFX) |
| − | |INJ||Injunctive||||
| + | **[[conjunction]] (C) |
| − | |-
| + | ***coordinating conjunction (COO) |
| − | |INS||Instrumental||A case indicating that the referent of the noun it marks is the means of the accomplishment of the action expressed by the clause.||
| + | ****correlative conjunction (CRC) |
| − | |-
| + | ***subordinating conjunction (SCJ) |
| − | |IP||Inflectional Phrase||Inflectional-bar-bar phrase (maximal projection)||
| + | ****adverbializer (AVR) |
| − | |-
| + | ****complementizer (CMR) |
| − | |IPR||Interrogative pronoun||A pro-form that is used in questions to stand for the item questioned.||who
| + | ****relativizer (RVZ) |
| − | |-
| + | **[[determiner]] (D) |
| − | |IS||Specifier of an inflection||||
| + | ***article (ART) |
| − | |-
| + | ***demonstrative determiner (DEM) |
| − | |ITE||Iterative||Aspect that expresses the repetition of an event or state.||I ate it again and again.
| + | ***possessive determiner (POD) |
| − | |-
| + | ***quantifier (QUA) |
| − | |ITJ||Interjection||||hello
| + | **inflection (I) |
| − | |-
| + | ***auxiliary verb (AUX) |
| − | |ITST||Indirect transitive||A verb which takes a subject and a single indirect object||
| + | ****modal verb (MOV) |
| − | |-
| + | **[[noun]] (N) |
| − | |JA||Adjunct of an adjective||An optional constituent of an adjective phrase.||
| + | ***common noun (NOU) |
| − | |-
| + | **[[noun|proper noun]] (E) |
| − | |JB||Adjective Phrase||Adjective-bar phrase (intermediate projection)||
| + | ***proper noun (PPN) |
| − | |-
| + | **[[numeral]] (U) |
| − | |JC||Complement of an adjective||A phrasal or clausal category which is selected (subcategorized) by the head of a phrase.||
| + | ***DIGIT (digits) |
| − | |-
| + | ****DOZEN (used to deal with dozens) |
| − | |JP||Adjective Phrase||Adjective-bar-bar phrase (maximal projection)||
| + | ****HUNDRED (used to deal with hundreds) |
| − | |-
| + | ***cardinal numeral (CDN) |
| − | |JS||Specifier of an adjective||||
| + | ***distributive numeral (DTN) |
| − | |-
| + | ***partitive numeral (PTN) |
| − | |LAT||Lative||A case that expresses motion up to the location of, or as far as the referent of the noun it marks.||
| + | ***multiplicative numeral (MLN) |
| − | |-
| + | ***ordinal numeral (ORD) |
| − | |LCT||Location||Nouns denoting spatial position||
| + | **[[pronoun]] (R) |
| − | |-
| + | ***demonstrative pronoun (DEP) |
| − | |LEX||LEXICAL STATUS||||
| + | ***dummy pronoun (DUM) |
| − | |-
| + | ***emphatic pronoun (EPR) |
| − | |LOC||Locative||A case that expresses location at the referent of the noun it marks.||
| + | ***indefinite pronoun (NPR) |
| − | |-
| + | ***interrogative pronoun (IPR) |
| − | |MAF||Masculine and feminine||Variable gender||un après-midi = une après-midi
| + | ***personal pronoun (PPR) |
| − | |-
| + | ***possessive pronoun (SPR) |
| − | |MCL||Masculine||Includes most words that refer to males.||he
| + | ***reciprocal pronoun (CPR) |
| − | |-
| + | ***reflexive pronoun (FPR) |
| − | |MID||Middle voice||A voice that indicates that the subject is the actor and acts upon himself or herself reflexively, or for his or her own benefit.||
| + | ***relative pronoun (RPR) |
| − | |-
| + | **[[verb]] (V) |
| − | |MOF||Masculine or feminine||Common gender||le pianiste x la pianiste
| + | ***full verb (VER) |
| − | |-
| + | ***copula (COP) |
| − | |MOO||MOOD||A verb mood typically used in dependent clauses to express wishes, commands, emotion, possibility, judgment, opinion, necessity, or statements that are contrary to fact at present.||
| + | **other (O) |
| − | |-
| + | ***classifier (CLA) |
| − | |MOT||Motion||Verbs of walking, flying, swimming||
| + | ***interjection (ITJ) |
| − | |-
| + | ***particle (PTC) |
| − | |MOV||Modal verb||||can
| + | ***punctuation (PUT) |
| − | |-
| + | ****blank (BLK) |
| − | |MTV||Motive||Nouns denoting goals||
| + | ****<nowiki>' </nowiki>(APOSTROPHE) |
| − | |-
| + | ****<nowiki>- </nowiki>(HYPHEN) |
| − | |MTW||Multiword expression||A free morpheme comprising more than one stem||United States of America
| + | ****<nowiki>! </nowiki>(EMARK) |
| − | |-
| + | ****<nowiki>" </nowiki>(QUOTE) |
| − | |MUL||Multiplicative numeral||A numeral that expresses how many fold or how many times.||
| + | ****<nowiki># </nowiki>(HASH) |
| − | |-
| + | ****<nowiki>$ </nowiki>(DOLLAR) |
| − | |NA||Adjunct of a noun||An optional constituent of a noun phrase.||
| + | ****<nowiki>% </nowiki>(PERCENTAGE) |
| − | |-
| + | ****<nowiki>& </nowiki>(AMPERSAND) |
| − | |NABS||Non-abstract||A noun that denotes something viewed as a material referent||
| + | ****<nowiki>( </nowiki>(OPARENTHESIS) |
| − | |-
| + | ****<nowiki>) </nowiki>(CPARENTHESIS) |
| − | |NANM||Inanimate||Indicates an inanimate reference||it
| + | ****<nowiki>* </nowiki>(ASTERISK) |
| − | |-
| + | ****<nowiki>, </nowiki>(COMMA) |
| − | |NB||Nominal Phrase||Nominal-bar phrase (intermediate projection)||
| + | ****<nowiki>. </nowiki>(PERIOD) |
| − | |-
| + | ****<nowiki>/ </nowiki>(FSLASH) |
| − | |NC||Complement of a noun||A phrasal or clausal category which is selected (subcategorized) by the head of a phrase.||
| + | ****<nowiki>: </nowiki>(COLON) |
| − | |-
| + | ****<nowiki>; </nowiki>(SEMICOLON) |
| − | |NDEF||Indefinite||Not specific nor identifiable in a given context||a
| + | ****<nowiki>? </nowiki>(QMARK) |
| − | |-
| + | ****<nowiki>[ </nowiki>(OSBRACKET) |
| − | |NEU||Neuter||Includes mostly words that do not refer to males or females.||it
| + | ****<nowiki>\ </nowiki>(BSLASH) |
| − | |-
| + | ****<nowiki>] </nowiki>(CSBRACKET) |
| − | |NEV||Natural events||Nouns denoting natural events||
| + | ****<nowiki>{ </nowiki>(OCBRACE) |
| − | |-
| + | ****<nowiki>} </nowiki>(CCBRACE) |
| − | |NOB||Natural objects||Nouns denoting natural objects (not man-made)||
| + | ****<nowiki>€ </nowiki>(EURO) |
| − | |-
| + | ****<nowiki>+ </nowiki>(PLUS) |
| − | |NOM||Nominative||Indicates the subject of a finite verb.||I (in I saw him)
| + | ****<nowiki>< </nowiki>(LTHAN) |
| − | |-
| + | ****<nowiki>= </nowiki>(EQUAL) |
| − | |NOU||Noun||||beauty
| + | ****<nowiki>> </nowiki>(GTHAN) |
| − | |-
| + | *[[person]] (PER) |
| − | |NP||Nominal Phrase||Nominal-bar-bar phrase (maximal projection)||
| + | **impersonal (NPER) |
| − | |-
| + | **first person (1PER) |
| − | |NPFC||Imperfective||An event in the process of unfolding (often a repeated or habitual event)||I was swimming.
| + | ***first person singular (1PS) |
| − | |-
| + | ***first person plural (1PP) |
| − | |NPR||Indefinite pronoun||An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun that belongs to a class whose members indicate indefinite reference.||anybody, one, somebody
| + | ****123PP (me, you and others) |
| − | |-
| + | ****13PP (me and others) |
| − | |NS||Specifier of a noun||||
| + | **second person (2PER) |
| − | |-
| + | ***second person singular (2PS) |
| − | |NTST||Intransitive||A verb that does not take an object||fall
| + | ***second person plural (2PP) |
| − | |-
| + | **third person (3PER) |
| − | |NUM||NUMBER||A grammatical category of nouns, pronouns, and adjective and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions.||
| + | ***third person singular (3PS) |
| − | |-
| + | ***third person plural (3PP) |
| − | |OPT||Optative||A grammatical mood that indicates a wish or hope.||
| + | *[[polarity]] (POL) |
| − | |-
| + | **affirmative (AFM) |
| − | |ORD||Ordinal numeral||A numeral belonging to a class whose members designate positions in a sequence.||second
| + | **negative (NEG) |
| − | |-
| + | *[[register]] (REG) |
| − | |PA||Adjunct of a preposition||An optional constituent of a prepositional phrase.||
| + | **archaism (ARC) |
| − | |-
| + | **colloquialism (CLQ) |
| − | |PAU||Paucal||||
| + | **dialect (DIA) |
| − | |-
| + | **jargon (JGN) |
| − | |PB||Prepositional Phrase||Adpositional-bar phrase (intermediate projection)||
| + | **literary (LIT) |
| − | |-
| + | **pejorative (PEJ) |
| − | |PC||Complement of a preposition||A phrasal or clausal category which is selected (subcategorized) by the head of a phrase.||
| + | **slang (SLG) |
| − | |-
| + | **taboo (TAB) |
| − | |PCP||Perception||Verbs of seeing, hearing, feeling||
| + | *[[social deixis]] (SOD) |
| − | |-
| + | **solidarity (SOL) |
| − | |PER||PERSON||A deictic reference to a participant in an event, such as the speaker, the addressee, or others.||
| + | ***familiar (FAM) |
| − | |-
| + | ***intimate (ITM) |
| − | |PFC||Perfective||A single event conceived as a unit||I swam.
| + | ***polite (PLN) |
| − | |-
| + | **status (STS) |
| − | |PFX||Prefix||Affix that is joined before a root or stem.||un
| + | ***equivalent (EVL) |
| − | |-
| + | ***inferior (IFS) |
| − | |PGS||Progressive||Continuous aspect that expresses processes, not states.||I am eating.
| + | ***reverential (REV) |
| − | |-
| + | ***superior (SPS) |
| − | |PHE ||Natural phenomena||Nouns denoting natural phenomena||
| + | *[[syntactic roles]] (SYN) |
| − | |-
| + | **adjunct (XA) |
| − | |PLA||Plant||Nouns denoting plants||
| + | ***adjunct to the head of an adjective phrase (JA) |
| − | |-
| + | ***adjunct to the head of an adverbial phrase (AA) |
| − | |PLR||Plural||Number that expresses reference to a quantity greater than that expressed by the largest specific number category in a language, such as "more than one" in English, and "more than two" in some other languages.||they
| + | ***adjunct to the head of a complementizer phrase (CA) |
| − | |-
| + | ***adjunct to the head of a determiner phrase (DA) |
| − | |PLT||Prolative||A case that expresses motion along or by the referent of the noun it marks.||
| + | ***adjunct to the head of an inflectional phrase (IA) |
| − | |-
| + | ***adjunct to the head of a nominal phrase (NA) |
| − | |PON||Possession noun||Nouns denoting possession and transfer of possession||
| + | ***adjunct to the head of a prepositional phrase (PA) |
| − | |-
| + | ***adjunct to the head of a verbal phrase (VA) |
| − | |POS||PART OF SPEECH||||
| + | **complement (XC) |
| − | |-
| + | ***complement of the head of an adjective phrase (JC) |
| − | |POV||Possession verb||Verbs of buying, selling, owning||
| + | ***complement of the head of an adverbial phrase (AC) |
| − | |-
| + | ***complement of the head of a complementizer phrase (CC) |
| − | |PP||Prepositional Phrase||Adpositional-bar-bar phrase (maximal projection)||
| + | ***complement of the head of a determiner phrase (DC) |
| − | |-
| + | ***complement of the head of an inflectional phrase (IC) |
| − | |PPL||Prepositional||||
| + | ***complement of the head of a nominal phrase (NC) |
| − | |-
| + | ***complement of the head of a prepositional phrase (PC) |
| − | |PPN||Proper noun||Noun that is the name of a specific individual, place, or object.||Geneva
| + | ***complement of the head of a verbal phrase (VC) |
| − | |-
| + | **head (XH) |
| − | |PPR||Personal pronoun||A personal pronoun is a pronoun that expresses a distinction of person deixis.||I, he, she, it, we
| + | ***head of an adverbial phrase (AH) |
| − | |-
| + | ***head of an adjective phrase (JH) |
| − | |PPS||Postposition||Adposition that occurs after its complement.||
| + | ***head of a complementizer phrase (CH) |
| − | |-
| + | ***head of a determiner phrase (DH) |
| − | |PPT||Prospective||||I am about to eat.
| + | ***head of an inflectional phrase (IH) |
| − | |-
| + | ***head of a nominal phrase (NH) |
| − | |PRE||Preposition||Adposition that occurs before its complement.||against
| + | ***head of a prepositional phrase (PH) |
| − | |-
| + | ***head of a verbal phrase (VH) |
| − | |PRO||Natural process||Nouns denoting natural processes||
| + | **specifier (XS) |
| − | |-
| + | ***specifier of the head of an adjective phrase(JS) |
| − | |PRS||Person||Nouns denoting people||
| + | ***specifier of the head of an adverbial phrase (AS) |
| − | |-
| + | ***specifier of the head of a complementizer phrase (CS) |
| − | |PS||Specifier of a preposition||||
| + | ***specifier of the head of a determiner phrase(DS) |
| − | |-
| + | ***specifier of the head of an inflectional phrase (IS) |
| − | |PST||Positive||||
| + | ***specifier of the head of a nominal phrase (NS) |
| − | |-
| + | ***specifier of the head of a prepositional phrase (PS) |
| − | |PSV||Passive voice||When the subject is the patient, target or undergoer of the action.||
| + | ***specifier of the head of a verbal phrase (VS) |
| − | |-
| + | **maximal projection (XP) |
| − | |PTC||Particle||A word that does not belong to one of the main classes of words is invariable in form, and typically has grammatical or pragmatic meaning.||to
| + | ***adjective phrase (JP) |
| − | |-
| + | ***adverbial phrase (AP) |
| − | |PTP||Participle||A lexical item, derived from a verb, that has some of the characteristics and functions of both verbs and adjectives.||done
| + | ***complementizer phrase (CP) |
| − | |-
| + | ***determiner phrase (DP) |
| − | |PTT||Partitive||A case that expresses the partial nature of the referent of the noun it marks, as opposed to expressing the whole unit or class of which the referent is a part.||
| + | ***inflectional phrase (IP) |
| − | |-
| + | ***nominal phrase (NP) |
| − | |QDR||Quadrual||||
| + | ***prepositional phrase (PP) |
| − | |-
| + | ***verbal phrase (VP) |
| − | |QTT||Quantity||Nouns denoting quantities and units of measure||
| + | **intermediate projection (XB) |
| − | |-
| + | ***adverbial phrase (AB) |
| − | |QUA||Quantifier||A determiner that expresses a referent's definite or indefinite number or amount.||every
| + | ***adjective phrase (JB) |
| − | |-
| + | ***complementizer phrase (CB) |
| − | |RCAS||Receives Case||Used in case agreement.||
| + | ***determiner phrase (DB) |
| − | |-
| + | ***inflectional phrase (IB) |
| − | |REL||Relation||Nouns denoting relations between people or things or ideas||
| + | ***nominal phrase (NB) |
| − | |-
| + | ***prepositional phrase (PB) |
| − | |RGEN||Receives Gender||Used in gender agreement.||
| + | ***verbal phrase (VB) |
| − | |-
| + | **trace (TRACE) |
| − | |RNUM||Receives Number||Used in number agreement.||
| + | *[[tense]] (TNS) |
| − | |-
| + | **absolute tense (ATE) |
| − | |RPER||Receives Person||Used in person agreement.||
| + | ***past (PAS) |
| − | |-
| + | ***present (PRS) |
| − | |RPR||Relative pronoun||A relative pronoun is a pronoun that marks a relative clause, functions grammatically within the relative clause, and is coreferential to the word modified by the relative clause.||The man [who] comes next
| + | ****preterit (PTR) |
| − | |-
| + | ****hesternal past tense (HEP) |
| − | |RT0||Past||||had been (I had been here)
| + | ****prehesternal past tense (PEP) |
| − | |-
| + | ****hodiernal past tense (HOP) |
| − | |RT1||Present||||
| + | ****prehodiernal past tense (POP) |
| − | |-
| + | ****immediate past tense (IPT) |
| − | |RT2||Future||A relative tense tense that refers to a temporal reference point located in the future.||would had been (I would had been there)
| + | ****nonrecent past tense (NRCP) |
| − | |-
| + | ****recent past tense (RCP) |
| − | |RTE||REFERENCE TENSE||A temporal linguistic quality expressing the time at, during, or over which a state or action denoted by a verb occurs with reference to another state or action.||
| + | ****nonremote past tense (NRMP) |
| − | |-
| + | ****remote past tense (RMP) |
| − | |SBS||Substance||Nouns denoting substances||
| + | ***future (FUT) |
| − | |-
| + | ****near future (FUN) |
| − | |SBW||Subword||A bound morpheme (a root, a stem, an inflection)||bab (baby)
| + | ****remote future (FUR) |
| − | |-
| + | ***nonpast (NPAS) |
| − | |SCJ||Subordinanting conjunction||A conjunction that links constructions by making one of them a constituent of another.||if
| + | ***nonfuture (NFUT) |
| − | |-
| + | ***still (STL) |
| − | |SEM||SEMANTIC FEATURES||||
| + | ***not-yet (NYET) |
| − | |-
| + | **relative tense (RTE) |
| − | |SFX||Suffix||Affix that is attached to the end of a root or stem.||s
| + | ***relative past (RPT) |
| − | |-
| + | ***relative nonpast (NRPT) |
| − | |SHA||Shape||Nouns denoting two and three dimensional shapes||
| + | ***relative present (RPS) |
| − | |-
| + | ***relative future (RFT) |
| − | |SNG||Singular||Number that refers to one member of a designated class.||he
| + | ***relative nonfuture (NRFT) |
| − | |-
| + | *[[transitivity]] (TRA) |
| − | |SOC||Social||Verbs of political and social activities and events||
| + | **no transitivity (NTRA) (linking verb) |
| − | |-
| + | **transitive (TST) |
| − | |SP||Sentence||||
| + | ***direct transitive (TSTD) |
| − | |-
| + | ***indirect transitive (TSTI) |
| − | |SPE||Superessive||A case that expresses location on the referent of the noun it marks.||
| + | ***ditransitive (TST2) |
| − | |-
| + | ***tritransitive (TST3) |
| − | |SPR||Posessive pronoun||A possessive pronoun is a pronoun that expresses ownership and relationships like ownership, such as kinship, and other forms of association.||my, mine
| + | **intransitive (NTST) |
| − | |-
| + | ***unergative (NERG) |
| − | |STA||State||Nouns denoting stable states of affairs||
| + | ***unaccusative (NACC) |
| − | |-
| + | *[[Universal Attribute]]s (att) |
| − | |STT||Stative||Verbs of being, having, spatial relations||
| + | **animacy attributes (ANIA) |
| − | |-
| + | **aspect attributes (ASPA) |
| − | |SUB||Subjunctive||A verb mood typically used in dependent clauses to express wishes, commands, emotion, possibility, judgment, opinion, necessity, or statements that are contrary to fact at present||
| + | **degree attributes (DEGA) |
| − | |-
| + | **emotion attributes (FEEL) |
| − | |SUP||Superlative||An adjective that compares the quality with many or all others of its kind||best
| + | **figure of speech attributes (FIGA) |
| − | |-
| + | **gender attributes (GENA) |
| − | |SYN||SYNTACTIC ROLES||||
| + | **information structure attributes (ISTA) |
| − | |-
| + | **lexical attributes (LEXA) |
| − | |TER||Terminative||||I finished eating.
| + | **manner attributes (HOW) |
| − | |-
| + | **modality attributes (MODA) |
| − | |TIM||Time||Nouns denoting time and temporal relations||
| + | **person attributes (PERA) |
| − | |-
| + | **polarity attributes (POLA) |
| − | |TLT||Translative||A case indicating that the referent of the noun, or the quality of the adjective, that it marks is the result of a process of change.||
| + | **place attributes (WHERE) |
| − | |-
| + | **quantification attributes (QUAA) |
| − | |TRA||TRANSITIVITY||A property of verbs that relates to whether a verb can take direct objects.||
| + | **register attributes (REGA) |
| − | |-
| + | **social deixis attributes (SODA) |
| − | |TRI||Trial||A number that refers to three members of the designated class.||
| + | **specification attributes (WHICH) |
| − | |-
| + | **syntactic structures (SYNA) |
| − | |TST||Direct transitive||A verb which takes a subject and a single direct object||kiss
| + | **time attributes (WHEN) |
| − | |-
| + | **voice attribute (VOIA) |
| − | |TTST||Tritransitive||A verb which takes a subject and three objects.||trade
| + | *[[Universal Relations]] (rel) |
| − | |-
| + | *[[Universal Words]] (SEM) |
| − | |VA||Adjunct of a verb||An optional constituent of a verbal phrase.||
| + | **Adjective concepts |
| − | |-
| + | ***age (AGE) |
| − | |VAL||VALENCY||Verb valency or valence refers to the number of arguments controlled by a verbal predicate.||
| + | ***colour (COR) |
| − | |-
| + | ***dimension (DMS) |
| − | |VAL0||Avalent||An avalent verb takes no arguments||rain
| + | ***human propensity (HPP) |
| − | |-
| + | ***physical property (PHY) |
| − | |VAL1||Monovalent||A monovalent verb takes one argument||sleep
| + | ***speed (SPD) |
| − | |-
| + | ***value (VLE) |
| − | |VAL2||Divalent||A verb which takes two arguments||eat
| + | ***other adjectives (JJJ) |
| − | |-
| + | **Adverbial concepts |
| − | |VAL3||Trivalent||A trivalent verb takes three arguments||give
| + | ***degree (DGR) |
| − | |-
| + | ***manner (MAN) |
| − | |VAL4||Tetravalent||A trivalent verb takes four arguments||
| + | ***place (PLE) |
| − | |-
| + | ***time (TME) |
| − | |VB||Verbal Phrase||Verbal-bar phrase (intermediate projection)||
| + | ***other adverbs (AAA) |
| − | |-
| + | **Nominal concepts |
| − | |VC||Complement of a verb||A phrasal or clausal category which is selected (subcategorized) by the head of a phrase.||
| + | ***act or action (ACT) |
| − | |-
| + | ***animal (ANL) |
| − | |VER||Verb||||buy
| + | ***artifact (ARF) (man-made objects) |
| − | |-
| + | ***attribute (ATR) (of people and objects) |
| − | |VOC||Vocative||A case that marks a noun whose referent is being addressed.||
| + | ***body part (BON) |
| − | |-
| + | ***cognitive processes and contents (CGN) |
| − | |VOI||VOICE||The voice (also called diathesis) of a verb describes the relationship between the action (or state) that the verb expresses and the participants identified by its arguments (subject, object, etc.).||
| + | ***communicative processes and contents (CMN) |
| − | |-
| + | ***feelings and emotions (FEE) |
| − | |VP||Verbal phrase||Verbal-bar-bar phrase (maximal projection)||
| + | ***foods and drinks (FOO) |
| − | |-
| + | ***groupings of people or objects (GRO) |
| − | |VS||Specifier of a verb||||
| + | ***location (LCT) (spatial position) |
| − | |-
| + | ***motive (MTV) (goals) |
| − | |WEA||Weather||Verbs of raining, snowing, thawing, thundering||
| + | ***natural events (NEV) |
| − | |-
| + | ***natural objects (NOB) (non man-made objects) |
| − | |WRD||Regular word||A single-stem free morpheme||
| + | ***natural phenomena (PHE) |
| − | |}
| + | ***plant (PLA) |
| − | | + | ***possession or transfer of possession (PON) |
| − | == List of tags (in alphabetical order of names)==
| + | ***natural process (NAT) |
| − | | + | ***person (HUM) |
| − | {|border="1"
| + | ***quantities and units of measure (QTT) |
| − | !Tag||Name||Definition||Example
| + | ***relations between people or things or ideas (REL) |
| − | |-
| + | ***substance (SBS) |
| − | |ABB||Abbreviation||||Dr.
| + | ***shape (SHA) (two or three-dimensional shapes) |
| − | |-
| + | ***state (STA) (stable states of affairs) |
| − | |ABE||Abessive||A case that expresses the lack or absence of the referent of the noun it marks||
| + | ***time and temporal relations (TIM) |
| − | |-
| + | **Verbal concepts |
| − | |ABL||Ablative||A case that indicates movement from something, and/or cause||
| + | ***body action (BOV) |
| − | |-
| + | ***cognitive verb (CGV) |
| − | |ASL||Absolutive||Case of nouns in ergative-absolutive languages that would generally be the subjects of intransitive verbs or the objects of transitive verbs in the translational equivalents of nominative-accusative languages such as English.||
| + | ***change (CHA) |
| − | |-
| + | ***communication verb (CMV) |
| − | |ABS||Abstract||A noun that denotes something viewed as a nonmaterial referent||
| + | ***competition (CPT) |
| − | |-
| + | ***creation (CRE) |
| − | |ACC||Accusative||A case that indicates the direct object of a verb||him (in I saw him)
| + | ***consumption (CSM) |
| − | |-
| + | ***contact (CTC) |
| − | |ACR||Acronym||||UNL
| + | ***emotion (EMO) |
| − | |-
| + | ***motion (MOT) |
| − | |ACV||Active voice||When the subject is the agent or actor of the verb.||
| + | ***perception (PCP) |
| − | |-
| + | ***possession verb (POV) |
| − | |ACT||Acts or actions||Nouns denoting acts or actions||
| + | ***social (SOC) |
| − | |-
| + | ***stative (STT) |
| − | |ADJ||Adjective||Modifiers of nouns.||beautiful
| + | ***weather (WEA) |
| − | |-
| + | *[[valency]] (VAL) |
| − | |JB||Adjective Phrase||Adjective-bar phrase (intermediate projection)||
| + | **avalent (VAL0) |
| − | |-
| + | **monovalent (VAL1) |
| − | |JP||Adjective Phrase||Adjective-bar-bar phrase (maximal projection)||
| + | **divalent (VAL2) |
| − | |-
| + | **trivalent (VAL3) |
| − | |DA||Adjunct of a determiner||An optional constituent of a determiner phrase.||
| + | **tetravalent (VAL4) |
| − | |-
| + | *[[voice]] (VOI) |
| − | |NA||Adjunct of a noun||An optional constituent of a noun phrase.||
| + | **active voice (ACV) |
| − | |-
| + | **middle voice (MIV) |
| − | |PA||Adjunct of a preposition||An optional constituent of a prepositional phrase.||
| + | **passive voice (PSV) |
| − | |-
| + | *other |
| − | |VA||Adjunct of a verb||An optional constituent of a verbal phrase.||
| + | **System-defined values |
| − | |-
| + | ***CHEAD (beginning of a scope) |
| − | |JA||Adjunct of an adjective||An optional constituent of an adjective phrase.||
| + | ***CTAIL (end of a scope) |
| − | |-
| + | ***DIGIT (digits) |
| − | |IA||Adjunct of an inflection||An optional constituent of an inflectional phrase.||
| + | ***SCOPE (scope) |
| − | |-
| + | ***SHEAD (beginning of the sentence) |
| − | |CA||Adjunct to a conjunction||An optional constituent of a complementizer phrase.||
| + | ***STAIL (end of the sentence) |
| − | |-
| + | ***TEMP (temporary entry - not found in the dictionary) |
| − | |AA||Adjunct to an adverb||An optional constituent of an adverbial phrase.||
| + | **Grammar-related attributes |
| − | |-
| + | ***FLX (inflectional rules) |
| − | |ADV||Adverb||Modifiers of verbs and other constituent classes.||beautifully
| + | ***FRA (subcategorization frame) |
| − | |-
| + | ***GOV (subcategorization rules) |
| − | |AB||Adverbial Phrase||Adverbial-bar phrase (intermediate projection)||
| + | ***PAR (inflectional paradigm) |
| − | |-
| + | ***SFR (semantic frame) |
| − | |AP||Adverbial Phrase||Adverbial-bar-bar phrase (maximal projection)||
| + | }} |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |ALL||Allative||A case that expresses motion to or toward the referent of the noun it marks.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |ATST||Ambitransitive||A verb that can be used both as intransitive or as transitive without requiring a morphological change||read
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |ANL||Animal||Nouns denoting animals||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |ANM||Animate||Indicates an animate reference||he, she
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |ART||Article||Determiner that identifies a noun's definite or indefinite reference, and new or given status.||the
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |ARF||Artifact||Nouns denoting man-made objects||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |ASP||ASPECT||The grammatical aspect (sometimes called viewpoint aspect) of a verb defines the temporal flow (or lack thereof) in the described event or state. In English, for example, the past-tense sentences "I swam" and "I was swimming" differ in aspect (the first sentence is in what is called the perfective or completive aspect, and the second in what is called the imperfective or durative aspect).||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |ACAS||Assigns Case||Used to indicate case agreement||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |AGEN||Assigns Gender||Used to indicate gender agreement||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |ANUM||Assigns Number||Used to indicate number agreement||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |APER||Assigns Person||Used to indicate person agreement||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |ATT||Attribute||Nouns denoting attributes of people and objects||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |AUX||Auxiliary verb||A verb which accompanies the lexical verb of a verb phrase, and expresses grammatical distinctions not carried by the lexical verb.||will
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |VAL0||Avalent||An avalent verb takes no arguments||rain
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |BEN||Benefactive||A case that expresses that the referent of the noun it marks receives the benefit of the situation expressed by the clause||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |BOV||Body actions||Verbs of grooming, dressing and bodily care||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |BON||Body parts||Nouns denoting body parts||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |CDN||Cardinal numeral||A numeral of the class whose members are considered basic in form, are used in counting, and in expressing how many objects are referred to.||two
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |CAS||CASE||The case of a noun or pronoun indicates its grammatical function in a greater phrase or clause such as the role of subject or of direct object.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |CAU||Causative||A case which expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the cause of the situation expressed by the clause.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |CHA||Change||Verbs of size, temperature change, intensifying, etc.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |CIR||Circumposition||||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |CGN||Cognition nouns||Nouns denoting cognitive processes and contents||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |CGV||Cognition verbs||Verbs of thinking, judging, analyzing, doubting||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |CMT||Comitative||A case expressing accompaniment.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |CMN||Communication nouns||Nouns denoting communicative processes and contents||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |CMV||Communication verbs||Verbs of telling, asking, ordering, singing||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |CMP||Comparative||An adjective that compares the quality with that of another of its kind||better
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |CPT||Competition||Verbs of fighting, athletic activities||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |CC||Complement of a conjunction||A phrasal or clausal category which is selected (subcategorized) by the head of a phrase.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |DC||Complement of a determiner||A phrasal or clausal category which is selected (subcategorized) by the head of a phrase.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |NC||Complement of a noun||A phrasal or clausal category which is selected (subcategorized) by the head of a phrase.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |PC||Complement of a preposition||A phrasal or clausal category which is selected (subcategorized) by the head of a phrase.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |VC||Complement of a verb||A phrasal or clausal category which is selected (subcategorized) by the head of a phrase.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |JC||Complement of an adjective||A phrasal or clausal category which is selected (subcategorized) by the head of a phrase.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |AC||Complement of an adverb||A phrasal or clausal category which is selected (subcategorized) by the head of a phrase.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |IC||Complement of an inflection||A phrasal or clausal category which is selected (subcategorized) by the head of a phrase.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |CON||Conditional mood||The form of the verb used in conditional sentences to refer to a hypothetical state of affairs, or an uncertain event that is contingent on another set of circumstances.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |CB||Conjunctional Phrase||Conjunction-bar phrase (intermediate projection)||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |CP||Conjunctional Phrase||Conjunction-bar-bar phrase (maximal projection)||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |CSM||Consumption||Verbs of eating and drinking||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |CTC||Contact||Verbs of touching, hitting, tying, digging||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |CTN||Continuative||||I am still eating.
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |CTT||Contraction||||don't
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |COO||Coordinating conjunction||A conjunction that links constituents without syntactically subordinating one to the other.||and
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |COP||Copula||An intransitive verb which links a subject to a noun phrase adjective, or other constituent which expresses the predicate.||be (to be)
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |CRE||Creation||Verbs of sewing, baking, painting, performing||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |DAT||Dative case||A case that indicates the indirect object of a verb||us (in He gave us the book)
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |DEF||Definite||Specific and identifiable in a given context||the
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |DEG||DEGREE||Describes the relational value of one thing with something in another clause of a sentence.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |DEL||Delative||A case which expresses motion downward from the referent of the noun it marks.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |DEM||Demonstrative||A determiner that is used deictically to indicate a referent's spatial, temporal, or discourse location.||this
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |DB||Determiner Phrase||Determiner-bar phrase (intermediate projection)||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |DP||Determiner Phrase||Determiner-bar-bar phrase (maximal projection)||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |TST||Direct transitive||A verb which takes a subject and a single direct object||kiss
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |DTST||Ditransitive||A verb which takes a subject and two objects.||give
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |VAL2||Divalent||A verb which takes two arguments||eat
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |DUA||Dual||Number which refers to two members of the class identified by the noun.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |ELA||Elative||A case expressing motion out of or away from the referent of the noun it marks.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |EMO||Emotion||Verbs of feeling||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |EPR||Emphatic pronoun||An emphatic pronoun is a personal pronoun that is used to emphasize its referent.||[Moi], je suis Français.
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |EQU||Equative||A case that expresses likeness or identity to the referent of the noun it marks.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |ERG||Ergative||The case of nouns in ergative-absolutive languages that would generally be the subjects of transitive verbs in the translation equivalents of nominative-accusative languages such as English.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |ESS||Essive||A case that expresses the temporary state of the referent specified by a noun.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |EVT||EVENT TENSE||A temporal linguistic quality expressing the time at, during, or over which a state or action denoted by a verb occurs with reference to the speaker.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |FEE||Feeling||Nouns denoting feelings and emotions||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |FEM||Feminine||A grammatical gender that marks nouns that have human or animal female referents, and often marks nouns that have referents that do not carry distinctions of sex.||she
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |1PP||First person plural||Deictic reference that refers to both the speaker and referents grouped with the speaker.||we
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |1PS||First person singular||Deictic reference that refers to the speaker.||I
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |FOO||Food||Nouns denoting foods and drinks||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |FRA||Fraction numeral||||two thirds
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |ET2||Future||An absolute tense that refers to a time after the moment of utterance.||will be (I will be here)
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |RT2||Future||A relative tense tense that refers to a temporal reference point located in the future.||would had been (I would had been there)
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |GEN||GENDER||||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |GNR||Generic||A noun or noun phrase that refers to a whole class, or any member of a class as a representative of its class.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |GNT||Genitive||A case in which the referent of the marked noun is the possessor of the referent of another noun.||my
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |GER||Gerund||||sleeping
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |GRO||Group||Nouns denoting groupings of people or objects||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |HAB||Habitual||An imperfective aspect that expresses the occurrence of an event or state as characteristic of a period of time.||I used to walk.
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |ILL||Illative||A case that expresses motion into or direction toward the referent of the noun it marks.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |IMP||Imperative||A grammatical mood that expresses direct commands or requests. It is also used to signal a prohibition, permission or any other kind of exhortation.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |NPFC||Imperfective||An event in the process of unfolding (often a repeated or habitual event)||I was swimming.
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |NANM||Inanimate||Indicates an inanimate reference||it
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |ICP||Inceptive||||I started eating.
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |NDEF||Indefinite||Not specific nor identifiable in a given context||a
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |NPR||Indefinite pronoun||An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun that belongs to a class whose members indicate indefinite reference.||anybody, one, somebody
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |IND||Indicative||||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |ITST||Indirect transitive||A verb which takes a subject and a single indirect object||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |INE||Inessive||A case that expresses a location within the referent of the noun it marks.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |INF||Infinitive||The base form of a verb generally unmarked for inflectional categories.||be (to be)
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |IFX||Infix||Affix that is inserted within a root or stem.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |IB||Inflectional Phrase||Inflectional-bar phrase (intermediate projection)||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |IP||Inflectional Phrase||Inflectional-bar-bar phrase (maximal projection)||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |INJ||Injunctive||||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |INS||Instrumental||A case indicating that the referent of the noun it marks is the means of the accomplishment of the action expressed by the clause.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |ITJ||Interjection||||hello
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |IPR||Interrogative pronoun||A pro-form that is used in questions to stand for the item questioned.||who
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |NTST||Intransitive||A verb that does not take an object||fall
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |ITE||Iterative||Aspect that expresses the repetition of an event or state.||I ate it again and again.
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |LAT||Lative||A case that expresses motion up to the location of, or as far as the referent of the noun it marks.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |LEX||LEXICAL STATUS||||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |LCT||Location||Nouns denoting spatial position||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |LOC||Locative||A case that expresses location at the referent of the noun it marks.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |MCL||Masculine||Includes most words that refer to males.||he
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |MAF||Masculine and feminine||Variable gender||un après-midi = une après-midi
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |MOF||Masculine or feminine||Common gender||le pianiste x la pianiste
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |MID||Middle voice||A voice that indicates that the subject is the actor and acts upon himself or herself reflexively, or for his or her own benefit.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |MOV||Modal verb||||can
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |VAL1||Monovalent||A monovalent verb takes one argument||sleep
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |MOO||MOOD||A verb mood typically used in dependent clauses to express wishes, commands, emotion, possibility, judgment, opinion, necessity, or statements that are contrary to fact at present.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |MOT||Motion||Verbs of walking, flying, swimming||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |MTV||Motive||Nouns denoting goals||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |MUL||Multiplicative numeral||A numeral that expresses how many fold or how many times.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |MTW||Multiword expression||A free morpheme comprising more than one stem||United States of America
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |NEV||Natural events||Nouns denoting natural events||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |NOB||Natural objects||Nouns denoting natural objects (not man-made)||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |PHE ||Natural phenomena||Nouns denoting natural phenomena||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |PRO||Natural process||Nouns denoting natural processes||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |NEU||Neuter||Includes mostly words that do not refer to males or females.||it
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |NB||Nominal Phrase||Nominal-bar phrase (intermediate projection)||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |NP||Nominal Phrase||Nominal-bar-bar phrase (maximal projection)||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |NOM||Nominative||Indicates the subject of a finite verb.||I (in I saw him)
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |NABS||Non-abstract||A noun that denotes something viewed as a material referent||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |NOU||Noun||||beauty
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |NUM||NUMBER||A grammatical category of nouns, pronouns, and adjective and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |OPT||Optative||A grammatical mood that indicates a wish or hope.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |ORD||Ordinal numeral||A numeral belonging to a class whose members designate positions in a sequence.||second
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |POS||PART OF SPEECH||||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |PTP||Participle||A lexical item, derived from a verb, that has some of the characteristics and functions of both verbs and adjectives.||done
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |PTC||Particle||A word that does not belong to one of the main classes of words is invariable in form, and typically has grammatical or pragmatic meaning.||to
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |PTT||Partitive||A case that expresses the partial nature of the referent of the noun it marks, as opposed to expressing the whole unit or class of which the referent is a part.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |PSV||Passive voice||When the subject is the patient, target or undergoer of the action.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |ET0||Past||An absolute tense that refers to a time before the moment of utterance.||was (I was here)
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |RT0||Past||||had been (I had been here)
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |PAU||Paucal||||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |PCP||Perception||Verbs of seeing, hearing, feeling||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |PFC||Perfective||A single event conceived as a unit||I swam.
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |PER||PERSON||A deictic reference to a participant in an event, such as the speaker, the addressee, or others.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |PRS||Person||Nouns denoting people||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |PPR||Personal pronoun||A personal pronoun is a pronoun that expresses a distinction of person deixis.||I, he, she, it, we
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |PLA||Plant||Nouns denoting plants||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |PLR||Plural||Number that expresses reference to a quantity greater than that expressed by the largest specific number category in a language, such as "more than one" in English, and "more than two" in some other languages.||they
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |SPR||Posessive pronoun||A possessive pronoun is a pronoun that expresses ownership and relationships like ownership, such as kinship, and other forms of association.||my, mine
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |PST||Positive||||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |PON||Possession noun||Nouns denoting possession and transfer of possession||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |POV||Possession verb||Verbs of buying, selling, owning||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |PPS||Postposition||Adposition that occurs after its complement.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |PFX||Prefix||Affix that is joined before a root or stem.||un
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |PRE||Preposition||Adposition that occurs before its complement.||against
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |PPL||Prepositional||||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |PB||Prepositional Phrase||Adpositional-bar phrase (intermediate projection)||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |PP||Prepositional Phrase||Adpositional-bar-bar phrase (maximal projection)||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |ET1||Present||Absolute tense that refers to the moment of utterance||am (I am here)
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |RT1||Present||||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |PGS||Progressive||Continuous aspect that expresses processes, not states.||I am eating.
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |PLT||Prolative||A case that expresses motion along or by the referent of the noun it marks.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |PPN||Proper noun||Noun that is the name of a specific individual, place, or object.||Geneva
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |PPT||Prospective||||I am about to eat.
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |QDR||Quadrual||||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |QUA||Quantifier||A determiner that expresses a referent's definite or indefinite number or amount.||every
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |QTT||Quantity||Nouns denoting quantities and units of measure||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |RCAS||Receives Case||Used in case agreement.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |RGEN||Receives Gender||Used in gender agreement.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |RNUM||Receives Number||Used in number agreement.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |RPER||Receives Person||Used in person agreement.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |CPR||Reciprocal pronoun||A reciprocal pronoun is a pronoun that expresses a mutual feeling or action among the referents of a plural subject.||They hit [each other].
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |RTE||REFERENCE TENSE||A temporal linguistic quality expressing the time at, during, or over which a state or action denoted by a verb occurs with reference to another state or action.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |FPR||Reflexive pronoun||A reflexive pronoun is a pronoun that has coreference with the subject.||He prides [himself] on his appearance.
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |WRD||Regular word||A single-stem free morpheme||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |REL||Relation||Nouns denoting relations between people or things or ideas||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |RPR||Relative pronoun||A relative pronoun is a pronoun that marks a relative clause, functions grammatically within the relative clause, and is coreferential to the word modified by the relative clause.||The man [who] comes next
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |2PP||Second person plural||Deictic reference to more than one referent identified as addressee.||you
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |2PS||Second person singular||Deictic reference to a single referent identified as addressee.||you
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |SEM||SEMANTIC FEATURES||||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |SP||Sentence||||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |SHA||Shape||Nouns denoting two and three dimensional shapes||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |SNG||Singular||Number that refers to one member of a designated class.||he
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |SOC||Social||Verbs of political and social activities and events||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |CS||Specifier of a conjunction||||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |DS||Specifier of a determiner||||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |NS||Specifier of a noun||||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |PS||Specifier of a preposition||||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |VS||Specifier of a verb||||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |JS||Specifier of an adjective||||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |AS||Specifier of an adverb||||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |IS||Specifier of an inflection||||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |STA||State||Nouns denoting stable states of affairs||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |STT||Stative||Verbs of being, having, spatial relations||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |SUB||Subjunctive||A verb mood typically used in dependent clauses to express wishes, commands, emotion, possibility, judgment, opinion, necessity, or statements that are contrary to fact at present||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |SCJ||Subordinanting conjunction||A conjunction that links constructions by making one of them a constituent of another.||if
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |SBS||Substance||Nouns denoting substances||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |SBW||Subword||A bound morpheme (a root, a stem, an inflection)||bab (baby)
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |SFX||Suffix||Affix that is attached to the end of a root or stem.||s
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |SPE||Superessive||A case that expresses location on the referent of the noun it marks.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |SUP||Superlative||An adjective that compares the quality with many or all others of its kind||best
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |SYN||SYNTACTIC ROLES||||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |TER||Terminative||||I finished eating.
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |VAL4||Tetravalent||A trivalent verb takes four arguments||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |3PP||Third person plural||Deictic reference to more than one referent not identified as the speaker or addressee.||they
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |3PS||Third person singular||Deictic reference to a single referent not identified as the speaker or addressee.||he
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |TIM||Time||Nouns denoting time and temporal relations||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |TRA||TRANSITIVITY||A property of verbs that relates to whether a verb can take direct objects.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |TLT||Translative||A case indicating that the referent of the noun, or the quality of the adjective, that it marks is the result of a process of change.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |TRI||Trial||A number that refers to three members of the designated class.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |TTST||Tritransitive||A verb which takes a subject and three objects.||trade
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |VAL3||Trivalent||A trivalent verb takes three arguments||give
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |VAL||VALENCY||Verb valency or valence refers to the number of arguments controlled by a verbal predicate.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |VER||Verb||||buy
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |VB||Verbal Phrase||Verbal-bar phrase (intermediate projection)||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |VP||Verbal phrase||Verbal-bar-bar phrase (maximal projection)||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |VOC||Vocative||A case that marks a noun whose referent is being addressed.||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |VOI||VOICE||The voice (also called diathesis) of a verb describes the relationship between the action (or state) that the verb expresses and the participants identified by its arguments (subject, object, etc.).||
| + | |
| − | |-
| + | |
| − | |WEA||Weather||Verbs of raining, snowing, thawing, thundering||
| + | |
| − | |}
| + | |
The set of features in a UNL-driven dictionary depends on the structure of the natural language and may vary a lot. However, in order to better standardize lexical resources inside the UNL framework, the UNDL Foundation recommends the adoption of the following tags for some specific and pervasive grammatical phenomena. Several of those linguistic constants have been already proposed to the Data Category Registry (ISO 12620), and represent widely accepted linguistic concepts. Our main intention here is just to provide a harmonized system to be shared by the UNL community so as to make dictionaries as easily understandable and exchangeable as possible.
The UNDLF Tagset is required for providing lexical resources (dictionary entries and grammar rules) in the UNLarium framework. Indeed, the whole environment has been already prepared to accept only the tags here presented. In most cases, the use of tags is rather unnoticeable and effortless, since users are supposed to make higher-level choices ("adjective", for instance) which will be internally represented through the corresponding authorized labels ("ADJ"). However, in several circumstances, as when creating inflectional paradigms or subcategorization frames, users are expected to address more fine-grained linguistic phenomena that may require a specialized metalanguage. That's exactly the purpose of this tagset: to provide the technical means for describing any linguistic behaviour. And it should do that in a strongly standardised way, i.e., so that others could easily understand and exploit the data for their own benefit.
In order to define the tags to be used in the UNDLF Tagset, the following premises were adopted:
The hierarchy of tags is depicted in the tree below. The topmost level represents the attributes of which the tags are a value. Lower positions subsume upper levels (for instance: progressive is a value of continuative, which is a value of imperfective, which is a value of the attribute aspect), but are not mandatory, as they can be too specialized ("go" is just a verb, and not any of the subcategories of verb). In any case, natural language phenomena should be classified as deep as possible in the tagset structure ("un-" should be classified as a prefix, rather than as an affix).
