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| | In order to define the tags to be used in the UNDLF Tagset, the following premises were adopted: | | In order to define the tags to be used in the UNDLF Tagset, the following premises were adopted: |
| − | * Tags should be as language-independent as possible (i.e., they should avoid language biases)
| + | *Tags should be as comprehensive as possible (i.e., they should cover all widely accepted linguistic concepts) |
| − | * Tags should be as comprehensive as possible (i.e., they should cover all widely accepted linguistic concepts) | + | *Tags should be as few as possible (i.e., they should avoid redundancy) |
| − | * Tags should be as few as possible (i.e., they should avoid redundancy) | + | *Tags should be as short as possible (i.e., they should fit in a three-character string) |
| − | * Tags should be as short as possible (i.e., they should fit in a three-character string) | + | *Tags should be as mnemonic as possible (i.e., they should be provided through English acronyms or abbreviations) |
| − | * Tags should be as mnemonic as possible (i.e., they should be easily readable) | + | *Tags should constitute a taxonomic hierarchy (so that upper level values could be inferred from the lower ones). |
| − | * Tags should be provided in an subsumptive containment hierarchy (a taxonomic hierarchy) so that upper level values could be inferred from the lower ones. | + | |
| | | | |
| − | The resulting set of tags, which is still subject to additions and revisions, is presented below. For the time being, the definitions and examples have been extracted out of the ''Glossary of Linguistic Terms'' (Loos et alii), available at [http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/ SIL International]. The tags are expected to migrate to an on-line environment, still under construction, where accredited linguists will have the opportunity to enhance and to improve this repertoire. | + | Additionally, the following conventions were adopted: |
| | + | *Tags are written in upper case letters; |
| | + | *Negation is represented by prefixation with "N-" (past = PAS, nonpast = NPAS). |
| | + | |
| | + | We have tried to stick to the standard abbreviations proposed by the [http://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/resources/glossing-rules.php Leipzig Glossing Rules] and by David Crystal in ''A dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics'' (2008), as much as they comply with the rules above. The resulting set of tags, which is still subject to additions and revisions, is presented below. For the time being, the definitions and examples have been extracted out of the ''Glossary of Linguistic Terms'' (Loos et alii), available at [http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/ SIL International]. The tags are expected to migrate to an on-line environment, still under construction, where accredited linguists will have the opportunity to enhance and to improve this repertoire. |
| | | | |
| | == Tree of attributes and values == | | == Tree of attributes and values == |
| | | | |
| − | The hierarchy of tags is depicted in the tree below. The topmost level represents the attributes of which the tags are a value. Examples and definitions for each tag are presented in the next section. | + | The hierarchy of tags is depicted in the tree below. The topmost level represents the attributes of which the tags are a value. Lower positions subsume upper levels (for instance: progressive is a value of continuative, which is a value of imperfective, which is a value of the attribute aspect), but are not mandatory, as they can be too specialized ("go" is just a verb, and not any of the subcategories of verb). In any case, natural language phenomena should be classified as deep as possible in the tagset structure ("un-" should be classified as a prefix, rather than as an affix). |
| | | | |
| − | {{#tree:id=tagset|openlevels=0|root=Attributes| | + | [http://www.unlweb.net/unlarium/dictionary/export_tagset.php List of tags in alphabetical order] |
| − | *abstractness (ABT) | + | |
| − | **abstract (ABS) | + | {{#tree:id=tagset|openlevels=0|root=Tags| |
| | + | |
| | + | *[[abstractness]] (ABN) |
| | + | **abstract (ABT) |
| | **concrete (CCT) | | **concrete (CCT) |
| − | *agreement (AGR) | + | *[[adjacency]] (AJC) |
| | + | **immediate (AJ0) |
| | + | **nearest (AJ1) |
| | + | **near (AJ2) |
| | + | **distant (AJ3) |
| | + | **most distant (AJ4) |
| | + | *[[agreement]] (AGR) |
| | **assigns case (ACAS) | | **assigns case (ACAS) |
| | **assigns gender (AGEN) | | **assigns gender (AGEN) |
| | **assigns number (ANUM) | | **assigns number (ANUM) |
| | **assigns person (APER) | | **assigns person (APER) |
| | + | **assigns tense (ATNS) |
| | **receives case (RCAS) | | **receives case (RCAS) |
| | **receives gender (RGEN) | | **receives gender (RGEN) |
| | **receives number (RNUM) | | **receives number (RNUM) |
| | **receives person (RPER) | | **receives person (RPER) |
| − | *animacy (ANI) | + | **receives tense (RTNS) |
| | + | *alienability (ALY) |
| | + | **alienable (ALI) |
| | + | **unalienable (NALI) |
| | + | *[[animacy]] (ANI) |
| | **animate (ANM) | | **animate (ANM) |
| | **inanimate (NANM) | | **inanimate (NANM) |
| − | *aspect (ASP) | + | *[[aspect]] (ASP) |
| − | **perfective (PFC) | + | **aorist (AOR) |
| | + | **causative (CAU) |
| | + | **perfective (PFV) |
| | + | **imperfective (NPFV) |
| | + | ***continuative (CTN) |
| | + | ****progressive (PGS) |
| | + | ***habitual (HAB) |
| | + | ***iterative (ITE) |
| | + | **perfect (PFC) |
| | ***experiential perfect aspect (EXP) | | ***experiential perfect aspect (EXP) |
| | ***perfect of persistent situation (PSS) | | ***perfect of persistent situation (PSS) |
| | ***perfect of recent past (PRP) | | ***perfect of recent past (PRP) |
| | ***perfect of result (RES) | | ***perfect of result (RES) |
| − | **imperfective (NPFC)
| |
| − | ***continuative (CTN)
| |
| − | ****progressive (PGS)
| |
| − | ***habitual (HAB)
| |
| − | ***iterative (ITE)
| |
| | **prospective (PPT) | | **prospective (PPT) |
| | **inceptive (ICP) | | **inceptive (ICP) |
| | **terminative (TER) | | **terminative (TER) |
| − | **inchoative (INC) | + | *cardinality (CAR) |
| − | *case (CAS) | + | **one single referent (ONE) |
| | + | **a pair of referents (TWO) |
| | + | **three referents (TRE) |
| | + | **countable (CTB) |
| | + | **uncountable (NCTB) |
| | + | **collective (COL) |
| | + | **more than one referent (PLU) |
| | + | *[[case]] (CAS) |
| | **abessive (ABE) | | **abessive (ABE) |
| | **ablative (ABL) | | **ablative (ABL) |
| | **accusative (ACC) | | **accusative (ACC) |
| | + | **adessive (ADE) |
| | **allative (ALL) | | **allative (ALL) |
| − | **absolutive (ASL) | + | **absolutive (ABS) |
| | **benefactive (BEN) | | **benefactive (BEN) |
| − | **causative (CAU)
| |
| | **comitative (CMT) | | **comitative (CMT) |
| − | **dative case (DAT) | + | **construct state (CTS) |
| | + | **dative (DAT) |
| | **delative (DEL) | | **delative (DEL) |
| | **elative (ELA) | | **elative (ELA) |
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| | **essive (ESS) | | **essive (ESS) |
| | **genitive (GNT) | | **genitive (GNT) |
| | + | **hortative (HOR) |
| | **illative (ILL) | | **illative (ILL) |
| | **inessive (INE) | | **inessive (INE) |
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| | **locative (LOC) | | **locative (LOC) |
| | **nominative (NOM) | | **nominative (NOM) |
| | + | **oblique (OBL) |
| | **prolative (PLT) | | **prolative (PLT) |
| | **prepositional (PPL) | | **prepositional (PPL) |
| | **partitive (PTT) | | **partitive (PTT) |
| | **superessive (SPE) | | **superessive (SPE) |
| | + | **terminative (TRM) |
| | **translative (TLT) | | **translative (TLT) |
| | **vocative (VOC) | | **vocative (VOC) |
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| | **nonspecified (NSPC) | | **nonspecified (NSPC) |
| | **specificied (SPC) | | **specificied (SPC) |
| − | *degree (DEG) | + | *[[degree]] (DEG) |
| | + | **augmentative (AUG) |
| | **comparative (CMP) | | **comparative (CMP) |
| | + | **diminutive (DIM) |
| | **positive (PST) | | **positive (PST) |
| | **superlative (SUP) | | **superlative (SUP) |
| − | *gender (GEN) | + | ***absolute superlative (SUPA) |
| | + | ***comparative superlative (SUPR) |
| | + | *[[distribution]] (DIS) |
| | + | **after (AFT) |
| | + | **before (BEF) |
| | + | **end (END) |
| | + | **free (FRE) |
| | + | **front (FRT) |
| | + | **immediately after (IAFT) |
| | + | **immediately before (IBEF) |
| | + | **middle (MID) |
| | + | *[[information structure]] (IST) |
| | + | **focus (FOC) |
| | + | **rheme (RHE) |
| | + | **theme (THE) |
| | + | *[[gender]] (GEN) |
| | **feminine (FEM) | | **feminine (FEM) |
| − | **masculine and feminine (MAF)
| |
| | **masculine (MCL) | | **masculine (MCL) |
| − | **masculine or feminine (MOF)
| |
| | **neuter (NEU) | | **neuter (NEU) |
| − | *[[Lexical category|lexical category or part of speech (POS)]] | + | **common (COM) |
| − | **adjective (ADJ) | + | **variable (VAR) |
| | + | *[[lexical category]] (LEX) |
| | + | **[[adjective]] (J) |
| | + | **[[adposition]] (P) |
| | + | **[[adverb]] (A) |
| | + | **[[affix]] (F) |
| | + | **[[conjunction]] (C) |
| | + | **[[determiner]] (D) |
| | + | **[[inflection]] (I) |
| | + | **[[noun]] (N) |
| | + | **[[numeral]] (U) |
| | + | **[[noun|proper noun]] (E) |
| | + | **[[pronoun]] (R) |
| | + | **[[verb]] (V) |
| | + | **other (O) |
| | + | *[[lexical structure]] (LST) |
| | + | **subword (SBW) |
| | + | **simple word (WRD) |
| | + | ***abbreviation (ABB) and single-word contraction |
| | + | ***clitic (CLI) |
| | + | **multiword expression (MTW) |
| | + | ***acronym (ACR) and initialism |
| | + | ***multiple-word contraction (CTT) and blend |
| | + | *[[modality]] (MOD) |
| | + | **realis (REA) |
| | + | **irrealis (NREA) |
| | + | **alethic (ALE) |
| | + | **deontic (DEO) |
| | + | ***comissive (CMS) |
| | + | ***directive (DRT) |
| | + | ***volitive (VLT) |
| | + | **epistemic (EPI) |
| | + | ***evidentiality (EVI) |
| | + | ***judgment (JDG) |
| | + | *[[mood]] (MOO) |
| | + | **none (non-finite verb forms) (VBL) |
| | + | ***gerund (GER) |
| | + | ***gerundive (GDV) |
| | + | ***infinitive (INF) |
| | ***participle (PTP) | | ***participle (PTP) |
| − | **adposition (ADP) | + | ***supine (SPN) |
| | + | **assumptive (AUM) |
| | + | **causative (CAU) |
| | + | **conditional (CON) |
| | + | **declarative (DEC) |
| | + | **deductive (DED) |
| | + | **deliberative (DLB) |
| | + | **dubitative (DUB) |
| | + | **hypothetical (HYP) |
| | + | **imperative (IMP) |
| | + | **imprecative (IPC) |
| | + | **indicative (IND) |
| | + | **inferential (INFR) |
| | + | **interrogative (INT) |
| | + | **jussive (JUS) |
| | + | **obligative (OBM) |
| | + | **optative (OPT) |
| | + | **permissive (PMS) |
| | + | **potential (POT) |
| | + | **precative (PCT) |
| | + | **prohibitive (PHB) |
| | + | **speculative (SPT) |
| | + | **subjunctive (SUB) |
| | + | *[[morphology]] (MOR) |
| | + | **affix (AFF) |
| | + | ***inflectional affix (IAX) |
| | + | ***derivational affix (DAX) |
| | + | **base form (BF) |
| | + | ***root (ROO) |
| | + | ***stem (STE) |
| | + | **word form (WFO) |
| | + | **alternative form (ALT) |
| | + | ***alternative form 1 (ALT1) |
| | + | ***alternative form 2 (ALT2) |
| | + | ***alternative form 3 (ALT3) |
| | + | ***short or weak form (SHO) |
| | + | ***long or strong form (STR) |
| | + | *[[number]] (NUM) |
| | + | **singular (SNG) |
| | + | ***singulare tantum (SNGT) |
| | + | **plural (PLR) |
| | + | ***dual (DUA) |
| | + | ***trial (TRI) |
| | + | ***quadrual (QDR) |
| | + | ***paucal (PAU) |
| | + | ***multal (MUL) |
| | + | ***plurale tantum (PLRT) |
| | + | **invariant (INV) |
| | + | *[[part of speech]] (POS) |
| | + | **[[adjective]]s (J) |
| | + | ***adjective (ADJ) |
| | + | ***participle (PTL) |
| | + | **[[adposition]] (P) |
| | ***circumposition (CIR) | | ***circumposition (CIR) |
| | ***postposition (PPS) | | ***postposition (PPS) |
| | ***preposition (PRE) | | ***preposition (PRE) |
| − | **adverb (ADV) | + | **[[adverb]] (A) |
| − | **affix (AFX) | + | ***specifier adverb (SAV) |
| | + | ***adjunct adverb (AAV) |
| | + | ***conjunct (CJT) |
| | + | ***disjunct (DJT) |
| | + | **[[affix]] (F) |
| | ***circumfix (CCX) | | ***circumfix (CCX) |
| | ***infix (IFX) | | ***infix (IFX) |
| | ***prefix (PFX) | | ***prefix (PFX) |
| | ***suffix (SFX) | | ***suffix (SFX) |
| − | **classifier (CLA) | + | **[[conjunction]] (C) |
| − | **conjunction (CNJ)
| + | |
| | ***coordinating conjunction (COO) | | ***coordinating conjunction (COO) |
| | ****correlative conjunction (CRC) | | ****correlative conjunction (CRC) |
| − | ***subordinanting conjunction (SCJ) | + | ***subordinating conjunction (SCJ) |
| | ****adverbializer (AVR) | | ****adverbializer (AVR) |
| | ****complementizer (CMR) | | ****complementizer (CMR) |
| | ****relativizer (RVZ) | | ****relativizer (RVZ) |
| − | **determiner (DET) | + | **[[determiner]] (D) |
| | ***article (ART) | | ***article (ART) |
| | ***demonstrative determiner (DEM) | | ***demonstrative determiner (DEM) |
| | + | ***possessive determiner (POD) |
| | ***quantifier (QUA) | | ***quantifier (QUA) |
| − | **dummy word (DUM) | + | **inflection (I) |
| − | **interjection (ITJ) | + | ***auxiliary verb (AUX) |
| − | **noun (NOU) | + | ****modal verb (MOV) |
| − | ***abbreviation (ABB) | + | **[[noun]] (N) |
| − | ***acronym (ACR) | + | ***common noun (NOU) |
| − | ***collective noun (COL) | + | **[[noun|proper noun]] (E) |
| | ***proper noun (PPN) | | ***proper noun (PPN) |
| − | **numeral (NMR) | + | **[[numeral]] (U) |
| | + | ***DIGIT (digits) |
| | + | ****DOZEN (used to deal with dozens) |
| | + | ****HUNDRED (used to deal with hundreds) |
| | ***cardinal numeral (CDN) | | ***cardinal numeral (CDN) |
| | ***distributive numeral (DTN) | | ***distributive numeral (DTN) |
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| | ***multiplicative numeral (MLN) | | ***multiplicative numeral (MLN) |
| | ***ordinal numeral (ORD) | | ***ordinal numeral (ORD) |
| − | **particle (PTC) | + | **[[pronoun]] (R) |
| − | **pronoun (PRN)
| + | |
| | ***demonstrative pronoun (DEP) | | ***demonstrative pronoun (DEP) |
| | + | ***dummy pronoun (DUM) |
| | ***emphatic pronoun (EPR) | | ***emphatic pronoun (EPR) |
| | ***indefinite pronoun (NPR) | | ***indefinite pronoun (NPR) |
| | ***interrogative pronoun (IPR) | | ***interrogative pronoun (IPR) |
| | ***personal pronoun (PPR) | | ***personal pronoun (PPR) |
| − | ***posessive pronoun (SPR) | + | ***possessive pronoun (SPR) |
| | ***reciprocal pronoun (CPR) | | ***reciprocal pronoun (CPR) |
| | ***reflexive pronoun (FPR) | | ***reflexive pronoun (FPR) |
| | ***relative pronoun (RPR) | | ***relative pronoun (RPR) |
| − | **verb (VER) | + | **[[verb]] (V) |
| − | ***auxiliary verb (AUX) | + | ***full verb (VER) |
| | ***copula (COP) | | ***copula (COP) |
| − | ***modal verb (MOV) | + | **other (O) |
| − | ***reflexive verb (RXV) | + | ***classifier (CLA) |
| − | *lexical structure (LEX) | + | ***interjection (ITJ) |
| − | **subword (SBW) | + | ***particle (PTC) |
| − | ***root (ROO) | + | ***punctuation (PUT) |
| − | ***inflectional affix (IAX) | + | ****blank (BLK) |
| − | ***derivational affix (DAX) | + | ****<nowiki>' </nowiki>(APOSTROPHE) |
| − | **stem (STE) = root + derivational affixes | + | ****<nowiki>- </nowiki>(HYPHEN) |
| − | **lemma (LEM)= root + derivational affixes + unmarked inflectional affixes | + | ****<nowiki>! </nowiki>(EMARK) |
| − | **word form (WRD) = root + derivational affixes + inflectional affixes | + | ****<nowiki>" </nowiki>(QUOTE) |
| − | *modality (MOD) | + | ****<nowiki># </nowiki>(HASH) |
| − | **gerund (GER) | + | ****<nowiki>$ </nowiki>(DOLLAR) |
| − | **infinitive (INF) | + | ****<nowiki>% </nowiki>(PERCENTAGE) |
| − | **alethic (ALE) | + | ****<nowiki>& </nowiki>(AMPERSAND) |
| − | **deontic (DEO) | + | ****<nowiki>( </nowiki>(OPARENTHESIS) |
| − | ***commissive modality (CMS) | + | ****<nowiki>) </nowiki>(CPARENTHESIS) |
| − | ***directive modality (DRT) | + | ****<nowiki>* </nowiki>(ASTERISK) |
| − | ****imperative mood (IMP) | + | ****<nowiki>, </nowiki>(COMMA) |
| − | ****jussive mood (JUS) | + | ****<nowiki>. </nowiki>(PERIOD) |
| − | ****obligative mood (OBL) | + | ****<nowiki>/ </nowiki>(FSLASH) |
| − | ****permissive mood (PMS) | + | ****<nowiki>: </nowiki>(COLON) |
| − | ****precative mood (PCT) | + | ****<nowiki>; </nowiki>(SEMICOLON) |
| − | ****prohibitive mood (PHB) | + | ****<nowiki>? </nowiki>(QMARK) |
| − | ****deliberative mood (DLB) | + | ****<nowiki>[ </nowiki>(OSBRACKET) |
| − | ***volitive modality (VLT) | + | ****<nowiki>\ </nowiki>(BSLASH) |
| − | ****imprecative mood (IPC) | + | ****<nowiki>] </nowiki>(CSBRACKET) |
| − | ****optative mood (OPT) | + | ****<nowiki>{ </nowiki>(OCBRACE) |
| − | **epistemic (EPI) | + | ****<nowiki>} </nowiki>(CCBRACE) |
| − | ***judgment modality (JDG) | + | ****<nowiki>€ </nowiki>(EURO) |
| − | ****assumptive mood (AUM) | + | ****<nowiki>+ </nowiki>(PLUS) |
| − | ****declarative mood (IND) | + | ****<nowiki>< </nowiki>(LTHAN) |
| − | ****deductive mood (DED) | + | ****<nowiki>= </nowiki>(EQUAL) |
| − | ****dubitative mood (DUB) | + | ****<nowiki>> </nowiki>(GTHAN) |
| − | ****hypothetical mood (HYP) | + | *[[person]] (PER) |
| − | ****interrogative mood (INT) | + | **impersonal (NPER) |
| − | ****speculative mood (SPT) | + | **first person (1PER) |
| − | ***evidentiality (EVI) | + | ***first person singular (1PS) |
| − | **necessity (NEC) | + | ***first person plural (1PP) |
| − | **possibility (PSB) | + | ****123PP (me, you and others) |
| − | **realis (REA) | + | ****13PP (me and others) |
| − | **irrealis (NREA) | + | **second person (2PER) |
| − | ***subjunctive mood (SUB) | + | ***second person singular (2PS) |
| − | *number (NUM) | + | ***second person plural (2PP) |
| − | **dual (DUA) | + | **third person (3PER) |
| − | **paucal (PAU) | + | ***third person singular (3PS) |
| − | **plural (PLR) | + | ***third person plural (3PP) |
| − | **quadrual (QDR) | + | *[[polarity]] (POL) |
| − | **singular (SNG) | + | **affirmative (AFM) |
| − | **trial (TRI) | + | **negative (NEG) |
| − | *person (PER) | + | *[[register]] (REG) |
| − | **first person singular (1PS) | + | **archaism (ARC) |
| − | **first person plural (1PP) | + | **colloquialism (CLQ) |
| − | **second person singular (2PS) | + | **dialect (DIA) |
| − | **second person plural (2PP) | + | **jargon (JGN) |
| − | **third person singular (3PS) | + | **literary (LIT) |
| − | **third person plural (3PP) | + | **pejorative (PEJ) |
| − | *semantic typology (SEM) | + | **slang (SLG) |
| − | **act or action (ACT) | + | **taboo (TAB) |
| − | **animal (ANL) | + | *[[social deixis]] (SOD) |
| − | **artifact (ARF) | + | **solidarity (SOL) |
| − | **attribute (ATT) | + | ***familiar (FAM) |
| − | **body part (BON) | + | ***intimate (ITM) |
| − | **body action (BOV) | + | ***polite (PLN) |
| − | **cognitive noun (CGN) | + | **status (STS) |
| − | **cognitive verb (CGV) | + | ***equivalent (EVL) |
| − | **change (CHA) | + | ***inferior (IFS) |
| − | **communication noun (CMN) | + | ***reverential (REV) |
| − | **communication verb (CMV) | + | ***superior (SPS) |
| − | **competition (CPT) | + | *[[syntactic roles]] (SYN) |
| − | **creation (CRE) | + | **adjunct (XA) |
| − | **consumption (CSM) | + | ***adjunct to the head of an adjective phrase (JA) |
| − | **contact (CTC) | + | ***adjunct to the head of an adverbial phrase (AA) |
| − | **emotion (EMO) | + | ***adjunct to the head of a complementizer phrase (CA) |
| − | **feeling (FEE) | + | ***adjunct to the head of a determiner phrase (DA) |
| − | **food (FOO) | + | ***adjunct to the head of an inflectional phrase (IA) |
| − | **group (GRO) | + | ***adjunct to the head of a nominal phrase (NA) |
| − | **location (LCT) | + | ***adjunct to the head of a prepositional phrase (PA) |
| − | **motion (MOT) | + | ***adjunct to the head of a verbal phrase (VA) |
| − | **motive (MTV) | + | **complement (XC) |
| − | **natural event (NEV) | + | ***complement of the head of an adjective phrase (JC) |
| − | **natural object (NOB) | + | ***complement of the head of an adverbial phrase (AC) |
| − | **perception (PCP) | + | ***complement of the head of a complementizer phrase (CC) |
| − | **natural phenomena (PHE) | + | ***complement of the head of a determiner phrase (DC) |
| − | **plant (PLA) | + | ***complement of the head of an inflectional phrase (IC) |
| − | **possession noun (PON) | + | ***complement of the head of a nominal phrase (NC) |
| − | **possession verb (POV) | + | ***complement of the head of a prepositional phrase (PC) |
| − | **natural process (PRO) | + | ***complement of the head of a verbal phrase (VC) |
| − | **person (PRS) | + | **head (XH) |
| − | **quantity (QTT) | + | ***head of an adverbial phrase (AH) |
| − | **relation (REL) | + | ***head of an adjective phrase (JH) |
| − | **substance (SBS) | + | ***head of a complementizer phrase (CH) |
| − | **shape (SHA) | + | ***head of a determiner phrase (DH) |
| − | **social (SOC) | + | ***head of an inflectional phrase (IH) |
| − | **state (STA) | + | ***head of a nominal phrase (NH) |
| − | **stative (STT) | + | ***head of a prepositional phrase (PH) |
| − | **time (TIM) | + | ***head of a verbal phrase (VH) |
| − | **weather (WEA) | + | **specifier (XS) |
| − | *solidarity (SOL) | + | ***specifier of the head of an adjective phrase(JS) |
| − | **familiarity (FAM) | + | ***specifier of the head of an adverbial phrase (AS) |
| − | **intimate social deixis (ITM) | + | ***specifier of the head of a complementizer phrase (CS) |
| − | **politeness (PLN) | + | ***specifier of the head of a determiner phrase(DS) |
| − | *status (STS) | + | ***specifier of the head of an inflectional phrase (IS) |
| − | **equivalent (EVL) | + | ***specifier of the head of a nominal phrase (NS) |
| − | **inferior status (IFS) | + | ***specifier of the head of a prepositional phrase (PS) |
| − | **reverential form (REV) | + | ***specifier of the head of a verbal phrase (VS) |
| − | **superior status (SPS) | + | **maximal projection (XP) |
| − | *syntactic roles (SYN) | + | ***adjective phrase (JP) |
| − | **adverbial phrase (AP) | + | ***adverbial phrase (AP) |
| − | ***adjunct to an adverb (AA) | + | ***complementizer phrase (CP) |
| | + | ***determiner phrase (DP) |
| | + | ***inflectional phrase (IP) |
| | + | ***nominal phrase (NP) |
| | + | ***prepositional phrase (PP) |
| | + | ***verbal phrase (VP) |
| | + | **intermediate projection (XB) |
| | ***adverbial phrase (AB) | | ***adverbial phrase (AB) |
| − | ***complement of an adverb (AC) | + | ***adjective phrase (JB) |
| − | ***specifier of an adverb (AS)
| + | ***complementizer phrase (CB) |
| − | **conjunctional phrase (CP)
| + | |
| − | ***adjunct to a conjunction (CA) | + | |
| − | ***conjunctional phrase (CB)
| + | |
| − | ***complement of a conjunction (CC)
| + | |
| − | ***specifier of a conjunction (CS)
| + | |
| − | **determiner phrase (DP)
| + | |
| − | ***adjunct of a determiner (DA)
| + | |
| | ***determiner phrase (DB) | | ***determiner phrase (DB) |
| − | ***complement of a determiner (DC)
| |
| − | ***specifier of a determiner (DS)
| |
| − | **inflectional phrase (IP)
| |
| − | ***adjunct of an inflection (IA)
| |
| | ***inflectional phrase (IB) | | ***inflectional phrase (IB) |
| − | ***complement of an inflection (IC)
| |
| − | ***specifier of an inflection (IS)
| |
| − | **adjective phrase (JP)
| |
| − | ***adjunct of an adjective (JA)
| |
| − | ***adjective phrase (JB)
| |
| − | ***complement of an adjective (JC)
| |
| − | ***specifier of an adjective (JS)
| |
| − | **nominal phrase (NP)
| |
| − | ***adjunct of a noun (NA)
| |
| | ***nominal phrase (NB) | | ***nominal phrase (NB) |
| − | ***complement of a noun (NC)
| |
| − | ***specifier of a noun (NS)
| |
| − | **prepositional phrase (PP)
| |
| − | ***adjunct of a preposition (PA)
| |
| | ***prepositional phrase (PB) | | ***prepositional phrase (PB) |
| − | ***complement of a preposition (PC)
| |
| − | ***specifier of a preposition (PS)
| |
| − | **sentence (SP)
| |
| − | **verbal phrase (VP)
| |
| − | ***adjunct of a verb (VA)
| |
| | ***verbal phrase (VB) | | ***verbal phrase (VB) |
| − | ***complement of a verb (VC) | + | **trace (TRACE) |
| − | ***specifier of a verb (VS)
| + | *[[tense]] (TNS) |
| − | *tense (TEN) | + | |
| | **absolute tense (ATE) | | **absolute tense (ATE) |
| | ***past (PAS) | | ***past (PAS) |
| | + | ***present (PRS) |
| | + | ****preterit (PTR) |
| | ****hesternal past tense (HEP) | | ****hesternal past tense (HEP) |
| | ****prehesternal past tense (PEP) | | ****prehesternal past tense (PEP) |
| Line 304: |
Line 425: |
| | ****prehodiernal past tense (POP) | | ****prehodiernal past tense (POP) |
| | ****immediate past tense (IPT) | | ****immediate past tense (IPT) |
| − | ****nonrecent past tense (NCP) | + | ****nonrecent past tense (NRCP) |
| | ****recent past tense (RCP) | | ****recent past tense (RCP) |
| − | ****nonremote past tense (NMP) | + | ****nonremote past tense (NRMP) |
| | ****remote past tense (RMP) | | ****remote past tense (RMP) |
| − | ****preterit (PTR) | + | ***future (FUT) |
| | + | ****near future (FUN) |
| | + | ****remote future (FUR) |
| | ***nonpast (NPAS) | | ***nonpast (NPAS) |
| − | ***present (PRT)
| |
| − | ***future (FUT)
| |
| | ***nonfuture (NFUT) | | ***nonfuture (NFUT) |
| | ***still (STL) | | ***still (STL) |
| Line 321: |
Line 442: |
| | ***relative future (RFT) | | ***relative future (RFT) |
| | ***relative nonfuture (NRFT) | | ***relative nonfuture (NRFT) |
| − | *transitivity (TRA) | + | *[[transitivity]] (TRA) |
| − | **ambitransitive (ATST) | + | **no transitivity (NTRA) (linking verb) |
| − | **ditransitive (DTST) | + | **transitive (TST) |
| − | **indirect transitive (ITST) | + | ***direct transitive (TSTD) |
| | + | ***indirect transitive (TSTI) |
| | + | ***ditransitive (TST2) |
| | + | ***tritransitive (TST3) |
| | **intransitive (NTST) | | **intransitive (NTST) |
| − | **direct transitive (TST) | + | ***unergative (NERG) |
| − | **tritransitive (TTST) | + | ***unaccusative (NACC) |
| − | *valency (VAL) | + | *[[Universal Attribute]]s (att) |
| | + | **animacy attributes (ANIA) |
| | + | **aspect attributes (ASPA) |
| | + | **degree attributes (DEGA) |
| | + | **emotion attributes (FEEL) |
| | + | **figure of speech attributes (FIGA) |
| | + | **gender attributes (GENA) |
| | + | **information structure attributes (ISTA) |
| | + | **lexical attributes (LEXA) |
| | + | **manner attributes (HOW) |
| | + | **modality attributes (MODA) |
| | + | **person attributes (PERA) |
| | + | **polarity attributes (POLA) |
| | + | **place attributes (WHERE) |
| | + | **quantification attributes (QUAA) |
| | + | **register attributes (REGA) |
| | + | **social deixis attributes (SODA) |
| | + | **specification attributes (WHICH) |
| | + | **syntactic structures (SYNA) |
| | + | **time attributes (WHEN) |
| | + | **voice attribute (VOIA) |
| | + | *[[Universal Relations]] (rel) |
| | + | *[[Universal Words]] (SEM) |
| | + | **Adjective concepts |
| | + | ***age (AGE) |
| | + | ***colour (COR) |
| | + | ***dimension (DMS) |
| | + | ***human propensity (HPP) |
| | + | ***physical property (PHY) |
| | + | ***speed (SPD) |
| | + | ***value (VLE) |
| | + | ***other adjectives (JJJ) |
| | + | **Adverbial concepts |
| | + | ***degree (DGR) |
| | + | ***manner (MAN) |
| | + | ***place (PLE) |
| | + | ***time (TME) |
| | + | ***other adverbs (AAA) |
| | + | **Nominal concepts |
| | + | ***act or action (ACT) |
| | + | ***animal (ANL) |
| | + | ***artifact (ARF) (man-made objects) |
| | + | ***attribute (ATR) (of people and objects) |
| | + | ***body part (BON) |
| | + | ***cognitive processes and contents (CGN) |
| | + | ***communicative processes and contents (CMN) |
| | + | ***feelings and emotions (FEE) |
| | + | ***foods and drinks (FOO) |
| | + | ***groupings of people or objects (GRO) |
| | + | ***location (LCT) (spatial position) |
| | + | ***motive (MTV) (goals) |
| | + | ***natural events (NEV) |
| | + | ***natural objects (NOB) (non man-made objects) |
| | + | ***natural phenomena (PHE) |
| | + | ***plant (PLA) |
| | + | ***possession or transfer of possession (PON) |
| | + | ***natural process (NAT) |
| | + | ***person (HUM) |
| | + | ***quantities and units of measure (QTT) |
| | + | ***relations between people or things or ideas (REL) |
| | + | ***substance (SBS) |
| | + | ***shape (SHA) (two or three-dimensional shapes) |
| | + | ***state (STA) (stable states of affairs) |
| | + | ***time and temporal relations (TIM) |
| | + | **Verbal concepts |
| | + | ***body action (BOV) |
| | + | ***cognitive verb (CGV) |
| | + | ***change (CHA) |
| | + | ***communication verb (CMV) |
| | + | ***competition (CPT) |
| | + | ***creation (CRE) |
| | + | ***consumption (CSM) |
| | + | ***contact (CTC) |
| | + | ***emotion (EMO) |
| | + | ***motion (MOT) |
| | + | ***perception (PCP) |
| | + | ***possession verb (POV) |
| | + | ***social (SOC) |
| | + | ***stative (STT) |
| | + | ***weather (WEA) |
| | + | *[[valency]] (VAL) |
| | **avalent (VAL0) | | **avalent (VAL0) |
| | **monovalent (VAL1) | | **monovalent (VAL1) |
| Line 334: |
Line 538: |
| | **trivalent (VAL3) | | **trivalent (VAL3) |
| | **tetravalent (VAL4) | | **tetravalent (VAL4) |
| − | *voice (VOI) | + | *[[voice]] (VOI) |
| | **active voice (ACV) | | **active voice (ACV) |
| − | **middle voice (MID) | + | **middle voice (MIV) |
| − | **antipassive voice (NPSV)
| + | |
| | **passive voice (PSV) | | **passive voice (PSV) |
| | + | *other |
| | + | **System-defined values |
| | + | ***CHEAD (beginning of a scope) |
| | + | ***CTAIL (end of a scope) |
| | + | ***DIGIT (digits) |
| | + | ***SCOPE (scope) |
| | + | ***SHEAD (beginning of the sentence) |
| | + | ***STAIL (end of the sentence) |
| | + | ***TEMP (temporary entry - not found in the dictionary) |
| | + | **Grammar-related attributes |
| | + | ***FLX (inflectional rules) |
| | + | ***FRA (subcategorization frame) |
| | + | ***GOV (subcategorization rules) |
| | + | ***PAR (inflectional paradigm) |
| | + | ***SFR (semantic frame) |
| | }} | | }} |
| − |
| |
| − | == List of tags (in alphabetical order) ==
| |
| − |
| |
| − | {|border="1" cellpadding="3"
| |
| − | !Tag||Attribute||Name||Definition||Example
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |1PP||PER||first person plural ||Deictic reference that refers to both the speaker and referents grouped with the speaker.||we
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |1PS||PER||first person singular ||Deictic reference that refers to the speaker.||I
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |2PP||PER||second person plural ||Deictic reference to more than one referent identified as addressee.||you
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |2PS||PER||second person singular ||Deictic reference to a single referent identified as addressee.||you
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |3PP||PER||third person plural ||Deictic reference to more than one referent not identified as the speaker or addressee.||they
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |3PS||PER||third person singular ||Deictic reference to a single referent not identified as the speaker or addressee.||he
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |AA||SYN||adjunct to an adverb ||An optional constituent of an adverbial phrase.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |AB||SYN||adverbial phrase ||Adverbial-bar phrase ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |ABB||POS||abbreviation ||||Dr.
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |ABE||CAS||abessive ||A case that expresses the lack or absence of the referent of the noun it marks||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |ABL||CAS||ablative ||A case that indicates movement from something, and/or cause||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |ABS||ABT||abstract ||A noun that denotes something viewed as a nonmaterial referent||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |ABT||ABT||abstractness ||||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |AC||SYN||complement of an adverb ||A phrasal or clausal category which is selected by the head of a phrase.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |ACAS||AGR||assigns case ||Used to indicate case agreement||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |ACC||CAS||accusative ||A case that indicates the direct object of a verb||him
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |ACR||POS||acronym ||||UNL
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |ACT||SEM||act or action ||Nouns denoting acts or actions||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |ACV||VOI||active voice ||When the subject is the agent or actor of the verb.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |ADJ||POS||adjective ||Modifiers of nouns.||beautiful
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |ADP||POS||adposition ||Cover term for prepositions and postpositions. It is a member of a closed set of items that occur before or after a complement composed of a noun phrase, noun, pronoun, or clause that functions as a noun phrase, and form a single structure with the complement to express its grammatical and semantic relation to another unit within a clause.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |ADV||POS||adverb ||Modifiers of verbs and other constituent classes.||beautifully
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |AFX||POS||affix ||A bound morpheme which adds lexical or syntactic information to a root or stem.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |AGEN||AGR||assigns gender ||Used to indicate gender agreement||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |AGR||AGR||agreement ||||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |ALE||MOD||alethic ||Modality that connotes the speaker’s estimation of the logical necessity or possibility of the proposition expressed by his utterance.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |ALL||CAS||allative ||A case that expresses motion to or toward the referent of the noun it marks.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |ANI||ANI||animacy ||Grammatical and/or semantic category of nouns based on how sentient or alive the referent of the noun is.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |ANL||SEM||animal ||Nouns denoting animals||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |ANM||ANI||animate ||Indicates an animate reference||he, she
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |ANUM||AGR||assigns number ||Used to indicate number agreement||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |AP||SYN||adverbial phrase ||Adverbial-bar-bar phrase ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |APER||AGR||assigns person ||Used to indicate person agreement||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |ARF||SEM||artifact ||Nouns denoting man-made objects||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |ART||POS||article ||Determiner that identifies a noun's definite or indefinite reference, and new or given status.||the
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |AS||SYN||specifier of an adverb ||||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |ASL||CAS||absolutive ||Case of nouns in ergative-absolutive languages that would generally be the subjects of intransitive verbs or the objects of transitive verbs in the translational equivalents of nominative-accusative languages such as English.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |ASP||ASP||aspect ||Defines the temporal flow in the described event or state.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |ATE||ATE||absolute tense ||A temporal linguistic quality expressing the time at, during, or over which a state or action denoted by a verb occurs with reference to the speaker.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |ATST||TRA||ambitransitive ||A verb that can be used both as intransitive or as transitive without requiring a morphological change||read
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |ATT||SEM||attribute ||Nouns denoting attributes of people and objects||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |AUM||MOD||assumptive mood ||Assumptive mood is an epistemic mode that signals the speaker's belief that his statement is based on facts about what is usually the case in such circumstances.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |AUX||POS||auxiliary verb ||A verb which accompanies the lexical verb of a verb phrase, and expresses grammatical distinctions not carried by the lexical verb.||will
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |AVR||POS||adverbializer ||An adverbializer is a subordinating conjunction that links a subordinate clause to a main clause, and indicates that the subordinate clause has an "adverbial" or interpropositional relation to the main clause, indicating purpose, condition, time, and location.||when , after
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |BEN||CAS||benefactive ||A case that expresses that the referent of the noun it marks receives the benefit of the situation expressed by the clause||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |BON||SEM||body part ||Nouns denoting body parts||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |BOV||SEM||body action ||Verbs of grooming, dressing and bodily care||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |CA||SYN||adjunct to a conjunction ||An optional constituent of a complementizer phrase.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |CAS||CAS||case ||The case of a noun or pronoun indicates its grammatical function in a greater phrase or clause such as the role of subject or of direct object.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |CAU||CAS||causative ||A case which expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the cause of the situation expressed by the clause.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |CB||SYN||conjunctional phrase ||Conjunction-bar phrase ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |CC||SYN||complement of a conjunction ||A phrasal or clausal category which is selected by the head of a phrase.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |CCT||ABT||concrete ||A noun that refers to what is viewed as a material entity.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |CCX||POS||circumfix ||Affix made up of two separate parts which surround and attach to a root or stem.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |CDN||POS||cardinal numeral ||A numeral of the class whose members are considered basic in form, are used in counting, and in expressing how many objects are referred to.||two
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |CGN||SEM||cognitive noun ||Nouns denoting cognitive processes and contents||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |CGV||SEM||cognitive verb ||Verbs of thinking, judging, analyzing, doubting||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |CHA||SEM||change ||Verbs of size, temperature change, intensifying, etc.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |CIR||POS||circumposition ||||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |CLA||POS||classifier ||A word or affix that expresses the classification of a noun.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |CMN||SEM||communication noun ||Nouns denoting communicative processes and contents||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |CMP||DEG||comparative ||An adjective that compares the quality with that of another of its kind||better
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |CMR||POS||complementizer ||A complementizer is a conjunction which marks a complement clause.||that
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |CMS||MOD||commissive modality ||Commissive modality is a deontic modality that connotes the speaker's expressed commitment, as a promise or threat, to bring about the proposition expressed by the utterance.||All elections shall take place on schedule.
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |CMT||CAS||comitative ||A case expressing accompaniment.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |CMV||SEM||communication verb ||Verbs of telling, asking, ordering, singing||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |CNJ||POS||conjunction ||Conjunction is a word that syntactically links words or larger constituents, and expresses a semantic relationship between them.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |COL||POS||collective noun ||A collective noun is a noun that refers to a group of entities that may be considered either as individuals or as one larger entity.||club
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |COO||POS||coordinating conjunction ||A conjunction that links constituents without syntactically subordinating one to the other.||and
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |COP||POS||copula ||An intransitive verb which links a subject to a noun phrase adjective, or other constituent which expresses the predicate.||be
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |CP||SYN||conjunctional phrase ||Conjunction-bar-bar phrase ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |CPR||POS||reciprocal pronoun ||A reciprocal pronoun is a pronoun that expresses a mutual feeling or action among the referents of a plural subject.||They hit [each other].
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |CPT||SEM||competition ||Verbs of fighting, athletic activities||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |CRC||POS||correlative conjunction ||Either of a pair of coordinating conjunctions used in ordered fashion. Typically, one is used immediately before each member of a pair of constituents.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |CRE||SEM||creation ||Verbs of sewing, baking, painting, performing||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |CS||SYN||specifier of a conjunction ||||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |CSM||SEM||consumption ||Verbs of eating and drinking||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |CTC||SEM||contact ||Verbs of touching, hitting, tying, digging||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |CTN||ASP||continuative ||An imperfective aspect that expresses an ongoing, but not habitual, occurrence of the state or event expressed by the verb.||I am still eating.
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |CTT||POS||contraction ||||don't
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |DA||SYN||adjunct of a determiner ||An optional constituent of a determiner phrase.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |DAT||CAS||dative case ||A case that indicates the indirect object of a verb||us
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |DAX||POS||derivational affix ||An affix by means of which one word is formed from another.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |DB||SYN||determiner phrase ||Determiner-bar phrase ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |DC||SYN||complement of a determiner ||A phrasal or clausal category which is selected by the head of a phrase.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |DED||MOD||deductive mood ||Deductive mood is an epistemic mood that signals that the speaker judges from other facts that the proposition expressed by his utterance is probably true.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |DEF||DEF||definite ||Indicates that an expression’s referent is in some way identifiable to both speaker and addressee.||the
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |DEG||DEG||degree ||Describes the relational value of one thing with something in another clause of a sentence.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |DEL||CAS||delative ||A case which expresses motion downward from the referent of the noun it marks.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |DEM||POS||demonstrative ||A determiner that is used deictically to indicate a referent's spatial, temporal, or discourse location.||this
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |DEO||MOD||deontic ||Modality that connotes the speaker's degree of requirement of desire for, or commitment to the realization of the proposition expressed by the utterance.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |DET||POS||determiner ||Word or affix that belongs to a class of noun modifiers that expresses the reference, including quantity, of a noun.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |DFN||DEF||defineteness ||Category concerned with the grammaticalization of identifiability and nonidentifiability of referents on the part of a speaker or addressee.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |DLB||MOD||deliberative mood ||Deliberative mood is a directive mood which signals the speaker's request for instruction from the addressee as to whether to do the proposition expressed in the utterance.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |DP||SYN||determiner phrase ||Determiner-bar-bar phrase ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |DRT||MOD||directive modality ||Directive modality is a deontic modality that connotes the speaker’s degree of requirement of conformity to the proposition expressed by an utterance.||Stop!
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |DS||SYN||specifier of a determiner ||||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |DTN||POS||distributive numeral ||A distributive numeral is a numeral which expresses a group of the number specified.||By the dozen , In pairs
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |DTST||TRA||ditransitive ||A verb which takes a subject and two objects.||give
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |DUA||NUM||dual ||Number which refers to two members of the class identified by the noun.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |DUB||MOD||dubitative mood ||Dubitative mood is an epistemic mood which signals a speaker’s reservation about the accuracy of his or her statement.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |DUM||POS||dummy word ||A dummy word is a grammatical unit that has no meaning, but completes a sentence to make it grammatical.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |ELA||CAS||elative ||A case expressing motion out of or away from the referent of the noun it marks.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |EMO||SEM||emotion ||Verbs of feeling||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |EPI||MOD||epistemic ||Modality that connotes how much certainty or evidence a speaker has for the proposition expressed by his or her utterance.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |EPR||POS||emphatic pronoun ||An emphatic pronoun is a personal pronoun that is used to emphasize its referent.||[Moi], je suis Français.
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |EQU||CAS||equative ||A case that expresses likeness or identity to the referent of the noun it marks.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |ERG||CAS||ergative ||The case of nouns in ergative-absolutive languages that would generally be the subjects of transitive verbs in the translation equivalents of nominative-accusative languages such as English.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |ESS||CAS||essive ||A case that expresses the temporary state of the referent specified by a noun.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |EVI||MOD||evidentiality ||Evidentiality is an epistemic modality that connotes the speaker's assessment of the evidence for his or her statement.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | An evidential is a form, such as a verbal affix, that is a grammatical expression of evidentiality.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |EVL||STS||equivalent ||An equivalent is a term of social deixis that expresses equality of status.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |EXP||ASP||experiential perfect aspect ||Grammaticalization of the current relevance, at the moment of utterance, of an event or state that occurred prior to the moment of utterance. The event or state is expressed as an experience which happened at least once, without respect to a particular location in time, and which is repeatable.||Bill has been to America.
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |FAM||SOL||familiarity ||Familiarity is a kind of social deixis that expresses a high degree of solidarity between the speaker and addressee.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |FEE||SEM||feeling ||Nouns denoting feelings and emotions||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |FEM||GEN||feminine ||A grammatical gender that marks nouns that have human or animal female referents, and often marks nouns that have referents that do not carry distinctions of sex.||she
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |FOO||SEM||food ||Nouns denoting foods and drinks||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |FPR||POS||reflexive pronoun ||A reflexive pronoun is a pronoun that has coreference with the subject.||He prides [himself] on his appearance.
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |FUT||ATE||future ||An absolute tense that refers to a time after the moment of utterance.||will be
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |GEN||GEN||gender ||A noun class system, composed of two or three classes, whose nouns that have human male and female referents tend to be in separate classes.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |GER||POS||gerund ||||sleeping
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |GNR||DEF||generic ||A noun or noun phrase that refers to a whole class, or any member of a class as a representative of its class.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |GNT||CAS||genitive ||A case in which the referent of the marked noun is the possessor of the referent of another noun.||my
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |GRO||SEM||group ||Nouns denoting groupings of people or objects||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |HAB||ASP||habitual ||An imperfective aspect that expresses the occurrence of an event or state as characteristic of a period of time.||I used to walk.
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |HEP||ATE||hesternal past tense ||Past tense that refers to a time that is located somewhere in the span beginning with the period defined culturally as "yesterday" and extends back through some period that is considered nonremote.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |HOP||ATE||hodiernal past tense ||Past tense that refers to a time as located before the moment of utterance within the span culturally defined as "today."||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |HYP||MOD||hypothetical mood ||Hypothetical mood is an epistemic mood that signals that the speaker evaluates a proposition as counterfactual, but otherwise possible.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |IA||SYN||adjunct of an inflection ||An optional constituent of an inflectional phrase.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |IAX||POS||inflectional affix ||Affix that expresses a grammatical contrast that is obligatory for its stem's word class in some given grammatical context.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |IB||SYN||inflectional phrase ||Inflectional-bar phrase ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |IC||SYN||complement of an inflection ||A phrasal or clausal category which is selected by the head of a phrase.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |ICP||ASP||inceptive ||Aspect that expresses the beginning of an event or state.||I started eating.
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |IFS||STS||inferior status ||Inferior status is social deixis that encodes a low degree of status.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |IFX||POS||infix ||Affix that is inserted within a root or stem.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |ILL||CAS||illative ||A case that expresses motion into or direction toward the referent of the noun it marks.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |IMP||MOD||imperative mood ||Imperative mood is mood that signals directive modality, especially in commands. Its use may be extended to signal permission.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |INC||ASP||inchoative ||Aspect that expresses the change of a state.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |IND||MOD||declarative mood ||Declarative mood is an epistemic mood that signals that the proposition expressed by a speaker’s utterance is offered as an unqualified statement of fact.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |INE||CAS||inessive ||A case that expresses a location within the referent of the noun it marks.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |INF||POS||infinitive ||The base form of a verb generally unmarked for inflectional categories.||be
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |INS||CAS||instrumental ||A case indicating that the referent of the noun it marks is the means of the accomplishment of the action expressed by the clause.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |INT||MOD||interrogative mood ||An interrogative mood is an epistemic mood that signals that the speaker wishes to elicit information concerning the content of his or her utterance from the addressee.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |IP||SYN||inflectional phrase ||Inflectional-bar-bar phrase ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |IPC||MOD||imprecative mood ||Imprecative mood is a volitive mood that signals the speaker's wish that an unfavorable proposition will come about.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |IPR||POS||interrogative pronoun ||A pro-form that is used in questions to stand for the item questioned.||who
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |IPT||ATE||immediate past tense ||Past tense that refers to a time considered very recent in relation to the moment of utterance.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |IS||SYN||specifier of an inflection ||||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |ITE||ASP||iterative ||Aspect that expresses the repetition of an event or state.||I ate it again and again.
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |ITJ||POS||interjection ||Form, typically brief, such as one syllable or word, which is used most often as an exclamation or part of an exclamation.||hello
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |ITM||SOL||intimate social deixis ||Intimate social deixis is deixis that expresses a very high degree of solidarity between the speaker and the addressee.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |ITST||TRA||indirect transitive ||A verb which takes a subject and a single indirect object||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |JA||SYN||adjunct of an adjective ||An optional constituent of an adjective phrase.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |JB||SYN||adjective phrase ||Adjective-bar phrase ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |JC||SYN||complement of an adjective ||A phrasal or clausal category which is selected by the head of a phrase.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |JDG||MOD||judgment modality ||Judgment modality is an epistemic modality that connotes the speaker's strength of inference, or degree of confidence in the reality of the proposition expressed by his or her utterance.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |JP||SYN||adjective phrase ||Adjective-bar-bar phrase ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |JS||SYN||specifier of an adjective ||||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |JUS||MOD||jussive mood ||Jussive mood is a directive mood that signals a speaker's command, permission, or agreement that the proposition expressed by his or her utterance be brought about.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |LAT||CAS||lative ||A case that expresses motion up to the location of, or as far as the referent of the noun it marks.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |LCT||SEM||location ||Nouns denoting spatial position||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |LEX||LEX||lexical status ||||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |LOC||CAS||locative ||A case that expresses location at the referent of the noun it marks.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |MAF||GEN||masculine and feminine ||Variable gender||un après-midi = une après-midi
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |MCL||GEN||masculine ||Includes most words that refer to males.||he
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |MID||VOI||middle voice ||A voice that indicates that the subject is the actor and acts upon himself or herself reflexively, or for his or her own benefit.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |MLN||POS||multiplicative numeral ||A numeral that expresses how many fold or how many times.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |MOD||MOD||modality ||Facet of illocutionary force, signaled by grammatical devices , that expresses The illocutionary point or general intent of a speaker, or a speaker’s degree of commitment to the expressed proposition's believability, obligatoriness, desirability, or reality.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |MOF||GEN||masculine or feminine ||Common gender||le pianiste x la pianiste
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |MOT||SEM||motion ||Verbs of walking, flying, swimming||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |MOV||POS||modal verb ||||can
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |MTV||SEM||motive ||Nouns denoting goals||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |MTW||LEX||multiword expression ||A free morpheme comprising more than one stem||United States of America
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |NA||SYN||adjunct of a noun ||An optional constituent of a noun phrase.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |NANM||ANI||inanimate ||Indicates an inanimate reference||it
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |NB||SYN||nominal phrase ||Nominal-bar phrase ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |NC||SYN||complement of a noun ||A phrasal or clausal category which is selected by the head of a phrase.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |NCP||ATE||nonrecent past tense ||Past tense that refers to a time before the range of a contrasting recent past tense.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |NDEF||DEF||indefinite ||Indicates that the referent of an expression are not presumed to be identifiable.||a
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |NEC||MOD||necessity ||Degree of contingency in modality that in alethic modality connotes logical requirement
| |
| − | deontic modality connotes obligation, and epistemic modality connotes certainty.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |NEU||GEN||neuter ||Includes mostly words that do not refer to males or females.||it
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |NEV||SEM||natural event ||Nouns denoting natural events||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |NFUT||ATE||nonfuture ||Absolute tense that refers to a time at or before the moment of utterance, and contrasts with a future tense.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |NMP||ATE||nonremote past tense ||Past tense that refers to a time considered not more than a few days ago, in contrast to a remote past tense.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |NMR||POS||numeral ||A word, functioning most typically as an adjective or pronoun, that expresses a number or
| |
| − | relation to the number.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |NOB||SEM||natural object ||Nouns denoting natural objects ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |NOM||CAS||nominative ||A case that indicates the subject of a finite verb.||I
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |NOU||POS||noun ||Member of a syntactic class that includes words which refer to people, places, things, ideas, or concepts; whose members may act as any of the following: subjects of the verb, objects of the verb, indirect object of the verb, or object of a preposition , and most of whose members have inherently determined grammatical gender .||beauty
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |NP||SYN||nominal phrase ||Nominal-bar-bar phrase ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |NPAS||ATE||nonpast ||Absolute tense that refers to a time at or after the moment of utterance, and contrasts with a past tense.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |NPFC||ASP||imperfective ||An event in the process of unfolding ||I was swimming.
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |NPR||POS||indefinite pronoun ||An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun that belongs to a class whose members indicate indefinite reference.||anybody, one, somebody
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |NPSV||VOI||antipassive voice ||Antipassive voice is a voice in an ergative-absolutive language in which a noun phrase that normally has ergative case instead has absolutive case a noun phrase that normally has absolutive case is marked as an oblique or an indirect object, and the salience of the normally absolutive noun phrase is, according to some analysts, decreased.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |NREA||MOD||irrealis ||Modality that connotes that the proposition with which it is associated is nonactual or nonfactual.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |NRFT||RTE||relative nonfuture ||Relative tense that refers to a time simultaneous to, or before, a contextually determined temporal reference point, regardless of the latter's relation to the moment of utterance.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |NRPT||RTE||relative nonpast ||Relative tense that refers to a time simultaneous to, or after, a contextually determined temporal reference point, regardless of the latter's relation to the moment of utterance.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |NS||SYN||specifier of a noun ||||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |NSPC||DEF||nonspecified ||Indicates that the speaker presumably does not know the identity of the referent.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |NTST||TRA||intransitive ||A verb that does not take an object||fall
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |NUM||NUM||number ||A grammatical category of nouns, pronouns, and adjective and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |NYET||ATE||not-yet ||Absolute tense that refers to times at and before the moment of utterance in asserting the present and past nonoccurrence of an event or state. It tends to imply that the event or state is expected to occur in the future.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |OBL||MOD||obligative mood ||Obligative mood is a directive mood that signals the speaker's estimation of the necessity that the proposition expressed in his or her utterance be brought about.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |OPT||MOD||optative mood ||Optative mood is a volitive mood that signals wishing or hoping.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |ORD||POS||ordinal numeral ||A numeral belonging to a class whose members designate positions in a sequence.||second
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |PA||SYN||adjunct of a preposition ||An optional constituent of a prepositional phrase.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |PAS||ATE||past ||An absolute tense that refers to a time before the moment of utterance.||was
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |PAU||NUM||paucal ||||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |PB||SYN||prepositional phrase ||Adpositional-bar phrase ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |PC||SYN||complement of a preposition ||A phrasal or clausal category which is selected by the head of a phrase.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |PCP||SEM||perception ||Verbs of seeing, hearing, feeling||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |PCT||MOD||precative mood ||Precative mood is a directive mood that signals that the utterance is a request.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |PEP||ATE||prehesternal past tense ||Past tense that refers to a time in some span before that of an opposing hesternal past tense.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |PER||PER||person ||A deictic reference to a participant in an event, such as the speaker, the addressee, or others.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |PFC||ASP||perfective ||A single event conceived as a unit||I swam.
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |PFX||POS||prefix ||Affix that is joined before a root or stem.||un
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |PGS||ASP||progressive ||Continuous aspect that expresses processes, not states.||I am eating.
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |PHB||MOD||prohibitive mood ||Prohibitive mood is a directive mood that signals a prohibition. It is distinguished by
| |
| − |
| |
| − | the use of a negated imperative sentence that employs a negative marker distinct from that used in declarative sentences, or
| |
| − | a verb form different from that of the imperative.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |PHE ||SEM||natural phenomena ||Nouns denoting natural phenomena||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |PLA||SEM||plant ||Nouns denoting plants||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |PLN||SOL||politeness ||Politeness is social deixis that expresses a low degree of solidarity between the speaker and the addressee.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |PLR||NUM||plural ||Number that expresses reference to a quantity greater than that expressed by the largest specific number category in a language, such as "more than one" in English, and "more than two" in some other languages.||they
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |PLT||CAS||prolative ||A case that expresses motion along or by the referent of the noun it marks.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |PMS||MOD||permissive mood ||Permissive mood is a directive mood that signals the speaker’s act of giving permission.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |PON||SEM||possession noun ||Nouns denoting possession and transfer of possession||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |POP||ATE||prehodiernal past tense ||Past tense that refers to a time in some span before that of a contrasting hodiernal past tense.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |POS||POS||part of speech ||||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |POV||SEM||possession verb ||Verbs of buying, selling, owning||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |PP||SYN||prepositional phrase ||Adpositional-bar-bar phrase ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |PPL||CAS||prepositional ||A case that indicates the complement of a preposition.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |PPN||POS||proper noun ||Noun that is the name of a specific individual, place, or object.||Geneva
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |PPR||POS||personal pronoun ||A personal pronoun is a pronoun that expresses a distinction of person deixis.||I, he, she, it, we
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |PPS||POS||postposition ||Adposition that occurs after its complement.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |PPT||ASP||prospective ||Aspect that expresses the imminence of an event or state.||I am about to eat.
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |PRE||POS||preposition ||Adposition that occurs before its complement.||against
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |PRN||POS||pronoun ||A pro-form which functions like a noun and substitutes for a noun or noun phrase.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |PRO||SEM||natural process ||Nouns denoting natural processes||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |PRP||ASP||perfect of recent past ||Grammaticalization of the current relevance of a state or event, occurring before the moment of utterance, which is relevant due to its proximity in time to the moment of utterance.||He has just arrived.
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |PRS||SEM||person ||Nouns denoting people||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |PRT||ATE||present ||Absolute tense that refers to the moment of utterance||am
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |PS||SYN||specifier of a preposition ||||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |PSB||MOD||possibility ||Degree of contingency in modality that in alethic modality connotes logical possibility
| |
| − | deontic modality connotes permission, and epistemic modality connotes uncertainty or speculation.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |PSS||ASP||perfect of persistent situation ||Grammaticalization of the current relevance of a state or event begun prior to the moment of utterance, which is relevant because of its continuation until the moment of utterance.||I have been waiting for three days.
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |PST||DEG||positive ||||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |PSV||VOI||passive voice ||When the subject is the patient, target or undergoer of the action.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |PTC||POS||particle ||A word that does not belong to one of the main classes of words is invariable in form, and typically has grammatical or pragmatic meaning.||to
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |PTN||POS||partitive numeral ||A partitive numeral is a numeral that expresses a fraction.||two thirds
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |PTP||POS||participle ||A lexical item, derived from a verb, that has some of the characteristics and functions of both verbs and adjectives.||done
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |PTR||ATE||preterit ||Simple past tense not marked for aspect or modality.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |PTT||CAS||partitive ||A case that expresses the partial nature of the referent of the noun it marks, as opposed to expressing the whole unit or class of which the referent is a part.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |QDR||NUM||quadrual ||||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |QTT||SEM||quantity ||Nouns denoting quantities and units of measure||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |QUA||POS||quantifier ||A determiner that expresses a referent's definite or indefinite number or amount.||every
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |RCAS||AGR||receives case ||Used in case agreement.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |RCP||ATE||recent past tense ||Past tense that refers to a time, culturally and situationally defined, within the span ranging from yesterday to a week or a few months previous.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |REA||MOD||realis ||Modality that connotes the factuality of a proposition.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |REL||SEM||relation ||Nouns denoting relations between people or things or ideas||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |RES||ASP||perfect of result ||Grammaticalization of the current relevance of a state or event, occurring before the moment of utterance, which is relevant because of a resulting state at the moment of utterance.||John has arrived.
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |REV||STS||reverential form ||A reverential form is an expression of social deixis that encodes very high status.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |RFT||RTE||relative future ||Relative tense that refers to a time located after a contextually determined temporal reference point, regardless of the latter’s relation to the moment of utterance.||would had been
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |RGEN||AGR||receives gender ||Used in gender agreement.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |RMP||ATE||remote past tense ||Past tense that refers to a time considered more than a few days ago.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |RNUM||AGR||receives number ||Used in number agreement.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |RPER||AGR||receives person ||Used in person agreement.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |RPR||POS||relative pronoun ||A relative pronoun is a pronoun that marks a relative clause, functions grammatically within the relative clause, and is coreferential to the word modified by the relative clause.||The man [who] comes next
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |RPS||RTE||relative present ||Relative tense that refers to a time that is simultaneous with some contextually determined temporal reference point.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |RPT||RTE||relative past ||Relative tense that refers to a time located before that of a contextually determined temporal reference point.||had been
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |RTE||RTE||relative tense ||A temporal linguistic quality expressing the time at, during, or over which a state or action denoted by a verb occurs with reference to another state or action.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |RVZ||POS||relativizer ||A relativizer is a subordinating conjunction that links a relative clause to its head noun.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | It is distinguishable from a relative pronoun in that it does not have a nominal function within the relative clause.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |RXV||POS||reflexive verb ||A verb whose agent performs an action that is directed at itself. It characteristically takes a reflexive pronoun as its object.||He perjured himself.
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |SBS||SEM||substance ||Nouns denoting substances||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |SBW||LEX||subword ||A bound morpheme ||bab
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |SCJ||POS||subordinanting conjunction ||A conjunction that links constructions by making one of them a constituent of another.||if
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |SEM||SEM||semantic features ||||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |SFX||POS||suffix ||Affix that is attached to the end of a root or stem.||s
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |SHA||SEM||shape ||Nouns denoting two and three dimensional shapes||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |SNG||NUM||singular ||Number that refers to one member of a designated class.||he
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |SOC||SEM||social ||Verbs of political and social activities and events||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |SOL||SOL||solidarity ||||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |SP||SYN||sentence ||||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |SPC||DEF||specificied ||Indicates that the speaker presumably knows the identity of the referent.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |SPE||CAS||superessive ||A case that expresses location on the referent of the noun it marks.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |SPR||POS||posessive pronoun ||A possessive pronoun is a pronoun that expresses ownership and relationships like ownership, such as kinship, and other forms of association.||my, mine
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |SPS||STS||superior status ||Superior status is social deixis that encodes high status.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |SPT||MOD||speculative mood ||Speculative mood is an epistemic mood that signals that the speaker judges from certain facts that the proposition expressed by his or her utterance is possibly true.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |STA||SEM||state ||Nouns denoting stable states of affairs||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |STL||ATE||still ||Absolute tense carrying the presupposition that an event or state held before the moment of utterance.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |STS||STS||status ||||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |STT||SEM||stative ||Verbs of being, having, spatial relations||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |SUB||MOD||subjunctive mood ||Subjunctive mood is a mood that typically signals irrealis meanings, such as potentiality
| |
| − | uncertainty, prediction, obligation, and desire. It most typically occurs in a subordinate clause, but may occur outside of one.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |SUP||DEG||superlative ||An adjective that compares the quality with many or all others of its kind||best
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |SYN||SYN||syntactic roles ||||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |TER||ASP||terminative ||Aspect that expresses the cessation of an event or state.||I finished eating.
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |TIM||SEM||time ||Nouns denoting time and temporal relations||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |TLT||CAS||translative ||A case indicating that the referent of the noun, or the quality of the adjective, that it marks is the result of a process of change.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |TRA||TRA||transitivity ||A property of verbs that relates to whether a verb can take direct objects.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |TRI||NUM||trial ||A number that refers to three members of the designated class.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |TST||TRA||direct transitive ||A verb which takes a subject and a single direct object||kiss
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |TTST||TRA||tritransitive ||A verb which takes a subject and three objects.||trade
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |VA||SYN||adjunct of a verb ||An optional constituent of a verbal phrase.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |VAL||VAL||valency ||Verb valency or valence refers to the number of arguments controlled by a verbal predicate.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |VAL0||VAL||avalent ||An avalent verb takes no arguments||rain
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |VAL1||VAL||monovalent ||A monovalent verb takes one argument||sleep
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |VAL2||VAL||divalent ||A verb which takes two arguments||eat
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |VAL3||VAL||trivalent ||A trivalent verb takes three arguments||give
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |VAL4||VAL||tetravalent ||A trivalent verb takes four arguments||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |VB||SYN||verbal phrase ||Verbal-bar phrase ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |VC||SYN||complement of a verb ||A phrasal or clausal category which is selected by the head of a phrase.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |VER||POS||verb ||Member of the syntactic class of words that typically signal events and actions; constitute, singly or in a phrase, a minimal predicate in a clause; govern the number and types of other constituents which may occur in the clause, and in inflectional languages, may be inflected.||buy
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |VLT||MOD||volitive modality ||Volitive modality is a deontic modality that expresses the speaker’s attitude of hope, wish, or fear concerning the proposition expressed by the utterance.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |VOC||CAS||vocative ||A case that marks a noun whose referent is being addressed.||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |VOI||VOI||voice ||The voice of a verb describes the relationship between the action that the verb expresses and the participants identified by its arguments .||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |VP||SYN||verbal phrase ||Verbal-bar-bar phrase ||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |VS||SYN||specifier of a verb ||||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |WEA||SEM||weather ||Verbs of raining, snowing, thawing, thundering||
| |
| − | |-
| |
| − | |WRD||LEX||regular word ||A single-stem free morpheme||
| |
| − | |}
| |
The set of features in a UNL-driven dictionary depends on the structure of the natural language and may vary a lot. However, in order to better standardize lexical resources inside the UNL framework, the UNDL Foundation recommends the adoption of the following tags for some specific and pervasive grammatical phenomena. Several of those linguistic constants have been already proposed to the Data Category Registry (ISO 12620), and represent widely accepted linguistic concepts. Our main intention here is just to provide a harmonized system to be shared by the UNL community so as to make dictionaries as easily understandable and exchangeable as possible.
The UNDLF Tagset is required for providing lexical resources (dictionary entries and grammar rules) in the UNLarium framework. Indeed, the whole environment has been already prepared to accept only the tags here presented. In most cases, the use of tags is rather unnoticeable and effortless, since users are supposed to make higher-level choices ("adjective", for instance) which will be internally represented through the corresponding authorized labels ("ADJ"). However, in several circumstances, as when creating inflectional paradigms or subcategorization frames, users are expected to address more fine-grained linguistic phenomena that may require a specialized metalanguage. That's exactly the purpose of this tagset: to provide the technical means for describing any linguistic behaviour. And it should do that in a strongly standardised way, i.e., so that others could easily understand and exploit the data for their own benefit.
In order to define the tags to be used in the UNDLF Tagset, the following premises were adopted:
The hierarchy of tags is depicted in the tree below. The topmost level represents the attributes of which the tags are a value. Lower positions subsume upper levels (for instance: progressive is a value of continuative, which is a value of imperfective, which is a value of the attribute aspect), but are not mandatory, as they can be too specialized ("go" is just a verb, and not any of the subcategories of verb). In any case, natural language phenomena should be classified as deep as possible in the tagset structure ("un-" should be classified as a prefix, rather than as an affix).
