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| | The resulting set of tags, which is still subject to additions and revisions, is presented below. For the time being, the definitions and examples have been extracted out of the ''Glossary of Linguistic Terms'' (Loos et alii), available at [http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/ SIL International]. The tags are expected to migrate to an on-line environment, still under construction, where accredited linguists will have the opportunity to improve this repertoire. | | The resulting set of tags, which is still subject to additions and revisions, is presented below. For the time being, the definitions and examples have been extracted out of the ''Glossary of Linguistic Terms'' (Loos et alii), available at [http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/ SIL International]. The tags are expected to migrate to an on-line environment, still under construction, where accredited linguists will have the opportunity to improve this repertoire. |
| | | | |
| − | == List of attributes == | + | == List of attributes and values == |
| | | | |
| | {{#tree:id=tagset|openlevels=0|root=Attributes| | | {{#tree:id=tagset|openlevels=0|root=Attributes| |
| | *abstractness (ABT) | | *abstractness (ABT) |
| | **abstract (ABS) | | **abstract (ABS) |
| − | ***A noun that denotes something viewed as a nonmaterial referent
| |
| | **concrete (CCT) | | **concrete (CCT) |
| − | ***A noun that refers to what is viewed as a material entity.
| |
| | *agreement (AGR) | | *agreement (AGR) |
| | **assigns case (ACAS) | | **assigns case (ACAS) |
| − | ***Used to indicate case agreement
| |
| | **assigns gender (AGEN) | | **assigns gender (AGEN) |
| − | ***Used to indicate gender agreement
| |
| | **assigns number (ANUM) | | **assigns number (ANUM) |
| − | ***Used to indicate number agreement
| |
| | **assigns person (APER) | | **assigns person (APER) |
| − | ***Used to indicate person agreement
| |
| | **receives case (RCAS) | | **receives case (RCAS) |
| − | ***Used in case agreement.
| |
| | **receives gender (RGEN) | | **receives gender (RGEN) |
| − | ***Used in gender agreement.
| |
| | **receives number (RNUM) | | **receives number (RNUM) |
| − | ***Used in number agreement.
| |
| | **receives person (RPER) | | **receives person (RPER) |
| − | ***Used in person agreement.
| |
| | *animacy (ANI) | | *animacy (ANI) |
| − | **Grammatical and/or semantic category of nouns based on how sentient or alive the referent of the noun is. Animacy can have various effects on the grammar of a language, such as word order, case endings, or the form a verb takes when it is associated with that noun.
| |
| | **animate (ANM) | | **animate (ANM) |
| − | ***Indicates an animate reference
| |
| | **inanimate (NANM) | | **inanimate (NANM) |
| − | ***Indicates an inanimate reference
| |
| | *aspect (ASP) | | *aspect (ASP) |
| − | **The grammatical aspect (sometimes called viewpoint aspect) of a verb defines the temporal flow (or lack thereof) in the described event or state. In English, for example, the past-tense sentences "I swam" and "I was swimming" differ in aspect (the first sentence is in what is called the perfective or completive aspect, and the second in what is called the imperfective or durative aspect).
| |
| | **perfective (PFC) | | **perfective (PFC) |
| − | ***A single event conceived as a unit
| |
| | ***experiential perfect aspect (EXP) | | ***experiential perfect aspect (EXP) |
| − | ****Experiential perfect aspect is a grammaticalization of the current relevance, at the moment of utterance, of an event or state that occurred prior to the moment of utterance. The event or state is expressed as an experience which happened at least once, without respect to a particular location in time, and which is repeatable.
| |
| | ***perfect of persistent situation (PSS) | | ***perfect of persistent situation (PSS) |
| − | ****A perfect of persistent situation is a grammaticalization of the current relevance of a state or event begun prior to the moment of utterance, which is relevant because of its continuation until the moment of utterance.
| |
| | ***perfect of recent past (PRP) | | ***perfect of recent past (PRP) |
| − | ****A perfect of recent past is a grammaticalization of the current relevance of a state or event, occurring before the moment of utterance, which is relevant due to its proximity in time to the moment of utterance.
| |
| | ***perfect of result (RES) | | ***perfect of result (RES) |
| − | ****A perfect of result is a grammaticalization of the current relevance of a state or event, occurring before the moment of utterance, which is relevant because of a resulting state at the moment of utterance.
| |
| | **imperfective (NPFC) | | **imperfective (NPFC) |
| − | ***An event in the process of unfolding (often a repeated or habitual event)
| |
| | ***continuative (CTN) | | ***continuative (CTN) |
| − | ****An imperfective aspect that expresses an ongoing, but not habitual, occurrence of the state or event expressed by the verb.
| |
| | ****progressive (PGS) | | ****progressive (PGS) |
| − | *****Continuous aspect that expresses processes, not states.
| |
| | ***habitual (HAB) | | ***habitual (HAB) |
| − | ****An imperfective aspect that expresses the occurrence of an event or state as characteristic of a period of time.
| |
| | ***iterative (ITE) | | ***iterative (ITE) |
| − | ****Aspect that expresses the repetition of an event or state.
| |
| | **prospective (PPT) | | **prospective (PPT) |
| − | ***Aspect that expresses the imminence of an event or state.
| |
| | **inceptive (ICP) | | **inceptive (ICP) |
| − | ***Aspect that expresses the beginning of an event or state.
| |
| | **terminative (TER) | | **terminative (TER) |
| − | ***Aspect that expresses the cessation of an event or state.
| |
| | **inchoative (INC) | | **inchoative (INC) |
| − | ***Aspect that expresses the change of a state.
| |
| | *absolute tense (ATE) | | *absolute tense (ATE) |
| − | **A temporal linguistic quality expressing the time at, during, or over which a state or action denoted by a verb occurs with reference to the speaker.
| |
| | **past (PAS) | | **past (PAS) |
| − | ***An absolute tense that refers to a time before the moment of utterance.
| |
| | ***hesternal past tense (HEP) | | ***hesternal past tense (HEP) |
| − | ****Past tense that refers to a time that is located somewhere in the span beginning with the period defined culturally as "yesterday" and extends back through some period that is considered nonremote.
| |
| | ***prehesternal past tense (PEP) | | ***prehesternal past tense (PEP) |
| − | ****Past tense that refers to a time in some span before that of an opposing hesternal past tense.
| |
| | ***hodiernal past tense (HOP) | | ***hodiernal past tense (HOP) |
| − | ****Past tense that refers to a time as located before the moment of utterance within the span culturally defined as "today."
| |
| | ***prehodiernal past tense (POP) | | ***prehodiernal past tense (POP) |
| − | ****Past tense that refers to a time in some span before that of a contrasting hodiernal past tense.
| |
| | ***immediate past tense (IPT) | | ***immediate past tense (IPT) |
| − | ****Past tense that refers to a time considered very recent in relation to the moment of utterance.
| |
| | ***nonrecent past tense (NCP) | | ***nonrecent past tense (NCP) |
| − | ****Past tense that refers to a time before the range of a contrasting recent past tense.
| |
| | ***recent past tense (RCP) | | ***recent past tense (RCP) |
| − | ****Past tense that refers to a time, culturally and situationally defined, within the span ranging from yesterday to a week or a few months previous.
| |
| | ***nonremote past tense (NMP) | | ***nonremote past tense (NMP) |
| − | ****Past tense that refers to a time considered not more than a few days ago, in contrast to a remote past tense.
| |
| | ***remote past tense (RMP) | | ***remote past tense (RMP) |
| − | ****Past tense that refers to a time considered more than a few days ago.
| |
| | ***preterit (PTR) | | ***preterit (PTR) |
| − | ****A preterit, in traditional terminology, is a simple past tense not marked for aspect or modality.
| |
| | **nonpast (NPAS) | | **nonpast (NPAS) |
| − | ***Absolute tense that refers to a time at or after the moment of utterance, and contrasts with a past tense.
| |
| | **present (PRT) | | **present (PRT) |
| − | ***Absolute tense that refers to the moment of utterance
| |
| | **future (FUT) | | **future (FUT) |
| − | ***An absolute tense that refers to a time after the moment of utterance.
| |
| | **nonfuture (NFUT) | | **nonfuture (NFUT) |
| − | ***Absolute tense that refers to a time at or before the moment of utterance, and contrasts with a future tense.
| |
| | **still (STL) | | **still (STL) |
| − | ***Absolute tense carrying the presupposition that an event or state held before the moment of utterance.
| |
| | **not-yet (NYET) | | **not-yet (NYET) |
| − | ***Absolute tense that refers to times at and before the moment of utterance in asserting the present and past nonoccurrence of an event or state. It tends to imply that the event or state is expected to occur in the future.
| |
| | *case (CAS) | | *case (CAS) |
| − | **The case of a noun or pronoun indicates its grammatical function in a greater phrase or clause such as the role of subject or of direct object.
| |
| | **abessive (ABE) | | **abessive (ABE) |
| − | ***A case that expresses the lack or absence of the referent of the noun it marks
| |
| | **ablative (ABL) | | **ablative (ABL) |
| − | ***A case that indicates movement from something, and/or cause
| |
| | **accusative (ACC) | | **accusative (ACC) |
| − | ***A case that indicates the direct object of a verb
| |
| | **allative (ALL) | | **allative (ALL) |
| − | ***A case that expresses motion to or toward the referent of the noun it marks.
| |
| | **absolutive (ASL) | | **absolutive (ASL) |
| − | ***Case of nouns in ergative-absolutive languages that would generally be the subjects of intransitive verbs or the objects of transitive verbs in the translational equivalents of nominative-accusative languages such as English.
| |
| | **benefactive (BEN) | | **benefactive (BEN) |
| − | ***A case that expresses that the referent of the noun it marks receives the benefit of the situation expressed by the clause
| |
| | **causative (CAU) | | **causative (CAU) |
| − | ***A case which expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the cause of the situation expressed by the clause.
| |
| | **comitative (CMT) | | **comitative (CMT) |
| − | ***A case expressing accompaniment.
| |
| | **dative case (DAT) | | **dative case (DAT) |
| − | ***A case that indicates the indirect object of a verb
| |
| | **delative (DEL) | | **delative (DEL) |
| − | ***A case which expresses motion downward from the referent of the noun it marks.
| |
| | **elative (ELA) | | **elative (ELA) |
| − | ***A case expressing motion out of or away from the referent of the noun it marks.
| |
| | **equative (EQU) | | **equative (EQU) |
| − | ***A case that expresses likeness or identity to the referent of the noun it marks.
| |
| | **ergative (ERG) | | **ergative (ERG) |
| − | ***The case of nouns in ergative-absolutive languages that would generally be the subjects of transitive verbs in the translation equivalents of nominative-accusative languages such as English.
| |
| | **essive (ESS) | | **essive (ESS) |
| − | ***A case that expresses the temporary state of the referent specified by a noun.
| |
| | **genitive (GNT) | | **genitive (GNT) |
| − | ***A case in which the referent of the marked noun is the possessor of the referent of another noun.
| |
| | **illative (ILL) | | **illative (ILL) |
| − | ***A case that expresses motion into or direction toward the referent of the noun it marks.
| |
| | **inessive (INE) | | **inessive (INE) |
| − | ***A case that expresses a location within the referent of the noun it marks.
| |
| | **instrumental (INS) | | **instrumental (INS) |
| − | ***A case indicating that the referent of the noun it marks is the means of the accomplishment of the action expressed by the clause.
| |
| | **lative (LAT) | | **lative (LAT) |
| − | ***A case that expresses motion up to the location of, or as far as the referent of the noun it marks.
| |
| | **locative (LOC) | | **locative (LOC) |
| − | ***A case that expresses location at the referent of the noun it marks.
| |
| | **nominative (NOM) | | **nominative (NOM) |
| − | ***A case that indicates the subject of a finite verb.
| |
| | **prolative (PLT) | | **prolative (PLT) |
| − | ***A case that expresses motion along or by the referent of the noun it marks.
| |
| | **prepositional (PPL) | | **prepositional (PPL) |
| − | ***A case that indicates the complement of a preposition.
| |
| | **partitive (PTT) | | **partitive (PTT) |
| − | ***A case that expresses the partial nature of the referent of the noun it marks, as opposed to expressing the whole unit or class of which the referent is a part.
| |
| | **superessive (SPE) | | **superessive (SPE) |
| − | ***A case that expresses location on the referent of the noun it marks.
| |
| | **translative (TLT) | | **translative (TLT) |
| − | ***A case indicating that the referent of the noun, or the quality of the adjective, that it marks is the result of a process of change.
| |
| | **vocative (VOC) | | **vocative (VOC) |
| − | ***A case that marks a noun whose referent is being addressed.
| |
| | *defineteness (DFN) | | *defineteness (DFN) |
| − | **Category concerned with the grammaticalization of identifiability and nonidentifiability of referents on the part of a speaker or addressee.
| |
| | **definite (DEF) | | **definite (DEF) |
| − | ***Indicates that an expression’s referent(s) is in some way identifiable to both speaker and addressee.
| |
| | **generic (GNR) | | **generic (GNR) |
| − | ***A noun or noun phrase that refers to a whole class, or any member of a class as a representative of its class.
| |
| | **indefinite (NDEF) | | **indefinite (NDEF) |
| − | ***Indicates that the referent(s) of an expression are not presumed to be identifiable.
| |
| | **nonspecified (NSPC) | | **nonspecified (NSPC) |
| − | ***Indicates that the speaker presumably does not know the identity of the referent(s).
| |
| | **specificied (SPC) | | **specificied (SPC) |
| − | ***Indicates that the speaker presumably knows the identity of the referent(s).
| |
| | *degree (DEG) | | *degree (DEG) |
| − | **Describes the relational value of one thing with something in another clause of a sentence.
| |
| | **comparative (CMP) | | **comparative (CMP) |
| − | ***An adjective that compares the quality with that of another of its kind
| |
| | **positive (PST) | | **positive (PST) |
| − | ***
| |
| | **superlative (SUP) | | **superlative (SUP) |
| − | ***An adjective that compares the quality with many or all others of its kind
| |
| | *gender (GEN) | | *gender (GEN) |
| − | **A noun class system, composed of two or three classes, whose nouns that have human male and female referents tend to be in separate classes.
| |
| | **feminine (FEM) | | **feminine (FEM) |
| − | ***A grammatical gender that marks nouns that have human or animal female referents, and often marks nouns that have referents that do not carry distinctions of sex.
| |
| | **masculine and feminine (MAF) | | **masculine and feminine (MAF) |
| − | ***Variable gender
| |
| | **masculine (MCL) | | **masculine (MCL) |
| − | ***Includes most words that refer to males.
| |
| | **masculine or feminine (MOF) | | **masculine or feminine (MOF) |
| − | ***Common gender
| |
| | **neuter (NEU) | | **neuter (NEU) |
| − | ***Includes mostly words that do not refer to males or females.
| |
| | *lexical status (LEX) | | *lexical status (LEX) |
| − | **
| |
| | **multiword expression (MTW) | | **multiword expression (MTW) |
| − | ***A free morpheme comprising more than one stem
| |
| | **subword (SBW) | | **subword (SBW) |
| − | ***A bound morpheme (a root, a stem, an inflection)
| |
| | **regular word (WRD) | | **regular word (WRD) |
| − | ***A single-stem free morpheme
| |
| | *modality (MOD) | | *modality (MOD) |
| − | **Facet of illocutionary force, signaled by grammatical devices (that is, moods), that expresses The illocutionary point or general intent of a speaker, or a speaker’s degree of commitment to the expressed proposition's believability, obligatoriness, desirability, or reality.
| |
| | **alethic (ALE) | | **alethic (ALE) |
| − | ***Modality that connotes the speaker’s estimation of the logical necessity or possibility of the proposition expressed by his utterance.
| |
| | **deontic (DEO) | | **deontic (DEO) |
| − | ***Modality that connotes the speaker's degree of requirement of desire for, or commitment to the realization of the proposition expressed by the utterance.
| |
| | ***commissive modality (CMS) | | ***commissive modality (CMS) |
| − | ****Commissive modality is a deontic modality that connotes the speaker's expressed commitment, as a promise or threat, to bring about the proposition expressed by the utterance.
| |
| | ***directive modality (DRT) | | ***directive modality (DRT) |
| − | ****Directive modality is a deontic modality that connotes the speaker’s degree of requirement of conformity to the proposition expressed by an utterance.
| |
| | ****imperative mood (IMP) | | ****imperative mood (IMP) |
| − | *****Imperative mood is mood that signals directive modality, especially in commands. Its use may be extended to signal permission.
| |
| | ****jussive mood (JUS) | | ****jussive mood (JUS) |
| − | *****Jussive mood is a directive mood that signals a speaker's command, permission, or agreement that the proposition expressed by his or her utterance be brought about.
| |
| | ****obligative mood (OBL) | | ****obligative mood (OBL) |
| − | *****Obligative mood is a directive mood that signals the speaker's estimation of the necessity that the proposition expressed in his or her utterance be brought about.
| |
| | ****permissive mood (PMS) | | ****permissive mood (PMS) |
| − | *****Permissive mood is a directive mood that signals the speaker’s act of giving permission.
| |
| | ****precative mood (PCT) | | ****precative mood (PCT) |
| − | *****Precative mood is a directive mood that signals that the utterance is a request.
| |
| | ****prohibitive mood (PHB) | | ****prohibitive mood (PHB) |
| − | *****Prohibitive mood is a directive mood that signals a prohibition. It is distinguished by the use of a negated imperative sentence that employs a negative marker distinct from that used in declarative sentences, or a verb form different from that of the imperative.
| |
| | ****deliberative mood (DLB) | | ****deliberative mood (DLB) |
| − | *****Deliberative mood is a directive mood which signals the speaker's request for instruction from the addressee as to whether to do the proposition expressed in the utterance.
| |
| | ***volitive modality (VLT) | | ***volitive modality (VLT) |
| − | ****Volitive modality is a deontic modality that expresses the speaker’s attitude of hope, wish, or fear concerning the proposition expressed by the utterance.
| |
| | ****imprecative mood (IPC) | | ****imprecative mood (IPC) |
| − | *****Imprecative mood is a volitive mood that signals the speaker's wish that an unfavorable proposition will come about.
| |
| | ****optative mood (OPT) | | ****optative mood (OPT) |
| − | *****Optative mood is a volitive mood that signals wishing or hoping.
| |
| | **epistemic (EPI) | | **epistemic (EPI) |
| − | ***Modality that connotes how much certainty or evidence a speaker has for the proposition expressed by his or her utterance.
| |
| | ***judgment modality (JDG) | | ***judgment modality (JDG) |
| − | ****Judgment modality is an epistemic modality that connotes the speaker's strength of inference, or degree of confidence in the reality of the proposition expressed by his or her utterance.
| |
| | ****assumptive mood (AUM) | | ****assumptive mood (AUM) |
| − | *****Assumptive mood is an epistemic mode that signals the speaker's belief that his statement is based on facts about what is usually the case in such circumstances.
| |
| | ****declarative mood (IND) | | ****declarative mood (IND) |
| − | *****Declarative mood is an epistemic mood that signals that the proposition expressed by a speaker’s utterance is offered as an unqualified statement of fact.
| |
| | ****deductive mood (DED) | | ****deductive mood (DED) |
| − | *****Deductive mood is an epistemic mood that signals that the speaker judges from other facts that the proposition expressed by his utterance is probably true.
| |
| | ****dubitative mood (DUB) | | ****dubitative mood (DUB) |
| − | *****Dubitative mood is an epistemic mood which signals a speaker’s reservation about the accuracy of his or her statement.
| |
| | ****hypothetical mood (HYP) | | ****hypothetical mood (HYP) |
| − | *****Hypothetical mood is an epistemic mood that signals that the speaker evaluates a proposition as counterfactual, but otherwise possible.
| |
| | ****interrogative mood (INT) | | ****interrogative mood (INT) |
| − | *****An interrogative mood is an epistemic mood that signals that the speaker wishes to elicit information concerning the content of his or her utterance from the addressee.
| |
| | ****speculative mood (SPT) | | ****speculative mood (SPT) |
| − | *****Speculative mood is an epistemic mood that signals that the speaker judges from certain facts that the proposition expressed by his or her utterance is possibly true.
| |
| | ***evidentiality (EVI) | | ***evidentiality (EVI) |
| − | ****Evidentiality is an epistemic modality that connotes the speaker's assessment of the evidence for his or her statement. An evidential is a form, such as a verbal affix, that is a grammatical expression of evidentiality.
| |
| | **necessity (NEC) | | **necessity (NEC) |
| − | ***Degree of contingency in modality that in alethic modality connotes logical requirement; in deontic modality connotes obligation, and in epistemic modality connotes certainty.
| |
| | **possibility (PSB) | | **possibility (PSB) |
| − | ***Degree of contingency in modality that in alethic modality connotes logical possibility; in deontic modality connotes permission, and in epistemic modality connotes uncertainty or speculation.
| |
| | **realis (REA) | | **realis (REA) |
| − | ***Modality that connotes the factuality of a proposition.
| |
| | **irrealis (NREA) | | **irrealis (NREA) |
| − | ***Modality that connotes that the proposition with which it is associated is nonactual or nonfactual.
| |
| | ***subjunctive mood (SUB) | | ***subjunctive mood (SUB) |
| − | ****Subjunctive mood is a mood that typically signals irrealis meanings, such as potentiality uncertainty, prediction, obligation, and desire. It most typically occurs in a subordinate clause, but may occur outside of one.
| |
| | *number (NUM) | | *number (NUM) |
| − | **A grammatical category of nouns, pronouns, and adjective and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions.
| |
| | **dual (DUA) | | **dual (DUA) |
| − | ***Number which refers to two members of the class identified by the noun.
| |
| | **paucal (PAU) | | **paucal (PAU) |
| − | ***
| |
| | **plural (PLR) | | **plural (PLR) |
| − | ***Number that expresses reference to a quantity greater than that expressed by the largest specific number category in a language, such as "more than one" in English, and "more than two" in some other languages.
| |
| | **quadrual (QDR) | | **quadrual (QDR) |
| − | ***
| |
| | **singular (SNG) | | **singular (SNG) |
| − | ***Number that refers to one member of a designated class.
| |
| | **trial (TRI) | | **trial (TRI) |
| − | ***A number that refers to three members of the designated class.
| |
| | *person (PER) | | *person (PER) |
| − | **A deictic reference to a participant in an event, such as the speaker, the addressee, or others.
| |
| | **first person singular (1PS) | | **first person singular (1PS) |
| − | ***Deictic reference that refers to the speaker.
| |
| | **first person plural (1PP) | | **first person plural (1PP) |
| − | ***Deictic reference that refers to both the speaker and referents grouped with the speaker.
| |
| | **second person singular (2PS) | | **second person singular (2PS) |
| − | ***Deictic reference to a single referent identified as addressee.
| |
| | **second person plural (2PP) | | **second person plural (2PP) |
| − | ***Deictic reference to more than one referent identified as addressee.
| |
| | **third person singular (3PS) | | **third person singular (3PS) |
| − | ***Deictic reference to a single referent not identified as the speaker or addressee.
| |
| | **third person plural (3PP) | | **third person plural (3PP) |
| − | ***Deictic reference to more than one referent not identified as the speaker or addressee.
| |
| | *part of speech (POS) | | *part of speech (POS) |
| | **abbreviation (ABB) | | **abbreviation (ABB) |
| | **acronym (ACR) | | **acronym (ACR) |
| | **adjective (ADJ) | | **adjective (ADJ) |
| − | ***Modifiers of nouns.
| |
| | **adposition (ADP) | | **adposition (ADP) |
| − | ***Cover term for prepositions and postpositions. It is a member of a closed set of items that occur before or after a complement composed of a noun phrase, noun, pronoun, or clause that functions as a noun phrase, and form a single structure with the complement to express its grammatical and semantic relation to another unit within a clause.
| |
| | ***circumposition (CIR) | | ***circumposition (CIR) |
| | ***postposition (PPS) | | ***postposition (PPS) |
| − | ****Adposition that occurs after its complement.
| |
| | ***preposition (PRE) | | ***preposition (PRE) |
| − | ****Adposition that occurs before its complement.
| |
| | **adverb (ADV) | | **adverb (ADV) |
| − | ***Modifiers of verbs and other constituent classes.
| |
| | **affix (AFX) | | **affix (AFX) |
| − | ***A bound morpheme which adds lexical or syntactic information to a root or stem.
| |
| | ***circumfix (CCX) | | ***circumfix (CCX) |
| − | ****Affix made up of two separate parts which surround and attach to a root or stem.
| |
| | ***derivational affix (DAX) | | ***derivational affix (DAX) |
| − | ****An affix by means of which one word is formed (derived) from another.
| |
| | ***infix (IFX) | | ***infix (IFX) |
| − | ****Affix that is inserted within a root or stem.
| |
| | ***inflectional affix (IAX) | | ***inflectional affix (IAX) |
| − | ****Affix that expresses a grammatical contrast that is obligatory for its stem's word class in some given grammatical context.
| |
| | ***prefix (PFX) | | ***prefix (PFX) |
| − | ****Affix that is joined before a root or stem.
| |
| | ***suffix (SFX) | | ***suffix (SFX) |
| − | ****Affix that is attached to the end of a root or stem.
| |
| | **classifier (CLA) | | **classifier (CLA) |
| − | ***A word or affix that expresses the classification of a noun.
| |
| | **conjunction (CNJ) | | **conjunction (CNJ) |
| − | ***Conjunction is a word that syntactically links words or larger constituents, and expresses a semantic relationship between them.
| |
| | ***coordinating conjunction (COO) | | ***coordinating conjunction (COO) |
| − | ****A conjunction that links constituents without syntactically subordinating one to the other.
| |
| | ****correlative conjunction (CRC) | | ****correlative conjunction (CRC) |
| − | *****Either of a pair of coordinating conjunctions used in ordered fashion. Typically, one is used immediately before each member of a pair of constituents.
| |
| | ***subordinanting conjunction (SCJ) | | ***subordinanting conjunction (SCJ) |
| − | ****A conjunction that links constructions by making one of them a constituent of another.
| |
| | ****adverbializer (AVR) | | ****adverbializer (AVR) |
| − | *****An adverbializer is a subordinating conjunction that links a subordinate clause to a main clause, and indicates that the subordinate clause has an "adverbial" or interpropositional relation to the main clause, indicating purpose, condition, time, and location.
| |
| | ****complementizer (CMR) | | ****complementizer (CMR) |
| − | *****A complementizer is a conjunction which marks a complement clause.
| |
| | ****relativizer (RVZ) | | ****relativizer (RVZ) |
| − | *****A relativizer is a subordinating conjunction that links a relative clause to its head noun. It is distinguishable from a relative pronoun in that it does not have a nominal function within the relative clause.
| |
| | **contraction (CTT) | | **contraction (CTT) |
| | **determiner (DET) | | **determiner (DET) |
| − | ***Word or affix that belongs to a class of noun modifiers that expresses the reference, including quantity, of a noun.
| |
| | **dummy word (DUM) | | **dummy word (DUM) |
| − | ***A dummy word is a grammatical unit that has no meaning, but completes a sentence to make it grammatical.
| |
| | ***article (ART) | | ***article (ART) |
| − | ****Determiner that identifies a noun's definite or indefinite reference, and new or given status.
| |
| | ***demonstrative (DEM) | | ***demonstrative (DEM) |
| − | ****A determiner that is used deictically to indicate a referent's spatial, temporal, or discourse location.
| |
| | ***quantifier (QUA) | | ***quantifier (QUA) |
| − | ****A determiner that expresses a referent's definite or indefinite number or amount.
| |
| | **interjection (ITJ) | | **interjection (ITJ) |
| − | ***Form, typically brief, such as one syllable or word, which is used most often as an exclamation or part of an exclamation.
| |
| | **noun (NOU) | | **noun (NOU) |
| − | ***Member of a syntactic class that includes words which refer to people, places, things, ideas, or concepts; whose members may act as any of the following: subjects of the verb, objects of the verb, indirect object of the verb, or object of a preposition (or postposition), and most of whose members have inherently determined grammatical gender (in languages which inflect for gender).
| |
| | ***collective noun (COL) | | ***collective noun (COL) |
| − | ****A collective noun is a noun that refers to a group of entities that may be considered either as individuals or as one larger entity.
| |
| | ***proper noun (PPN) | | ***proper noun (PPN) |
| − | ****Noun that is the name of a specific individual, place, or object.
| |
| | **numeral (NMR) | | **numeral (NMR) |
| − | ***A word, functioning most typically as an adjective or pronoun, that expresses a number or relation to the number.
| |
| | ***cardinal numeral (CDN) | | ***cardinal numeral (CDN) |
| − | ****A numeral of the class whose members are considered basic in form, are used in counting, and in expressing how many objects are referred to.
| |
| | ***distributive numeral (DTN) | | ***distributive numeral (DTN) |
| − | ****A distributive numeral is a numeral which expresses a group of the number specified.
| |
| | ***partitive numeral (PTN) | | ***partitive numeral (PTN) |
| − | ****A partitive numeral is a numeral that expresses a fraction.
| |
| | ***multiplicative numeral (MLN) | | ***multiplicative numeral (MLN) |
| − | ****A numeral that expresses how many fold or how many times.
| |
| | ***ordinal numeral (ORD) | | ***ordinal numeral (ORD) |
| − | ****A numeral belonging to a class whose members designate positions in a sequence.
| |
| | **particle (PTC) | | **particle (PTC) |
| − | ***A word that does not belong to one of the main classes of words is invariable in form, and typically has grammatical or pragmatic meaning.
| |
| | **pronoun (PRN) | | **pronoun (PRN) |
| − | ***A pro-form which functions like a noun and substitutes for a noun or noun phrase.
| |
| | ***emphatic pronoun (EPR) | | ***emphatic pronoun (EPR) |
| − | ****An emphatic pronoun is a personal pronoun that is used to emphasize its referent.
| |
| | ***indefinite pronoun (NPR) | | ***indefinite pronoun (NPR) |
| − | ****An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun that belongs to a class whose members indicate indefinite reference.
| |
| | ***interrogative pronoun (IPR) | | ***interrogative pronoun (IPR) |
| − | ****A pro-form that is used in questions to stand for the item questioned.
| |
| | ***personal pronoun (PPR) | | ***personal pronoun (PPR) |
| − | ****A personal pronoun is a pronoun that expresses a distinction of person deixis.
| |
| | ***posessive pronoun (SPR) | | ***posessive pronoun (SPR) |
| − | ****A possessive pronoun is a pronoun that expresses ownership and relationships like ownership, such as kinship, and other forms of association.
| |
| | ***reciprocal pronoun (CPR) | | ***reciprocal pronoun (CPR) |
| − | ****A reciprocal pronoun is a pronoun that expresses a mutual feeling or action among the referents of a plural subject.
| |
| | ***reflexive pronoun (FPR) | | ***reflexive pronoun (FPR) |
| − | ****A reflexive pronoun is a pronoun that has coreference with the subject.
| |
| | ***relative pronoun (RPR) | | ***relative pronoun (RPR) |
| − | ****A relative pronoun is a pronoun that marks a relative clause, functions grammatically within the relative clause, and is coreferential to the word modified by the relative clause.
| |
| | **verb (VER) | | **verb (VER) |
| − | ***Member of the syntactic class of words that typically signal events and actions; constitute, singly or in a phrase, a minimal predicate in a clause; govern the number and types of other constituents which may occur in the clause, and in inflectional languages, may be inflected.
| |
| | ***auxiliary verb (AUX) | | ***auxiliary verb (AUX) |
| − | ****A verb which accompanies the lexical verb of a verb phrase, and expresses grammatical distinctions not carried by the lexical verb.
| |
| | ***copula (COP) | | ***copula (COP) |
| − | ****An intransitive verb which links a subject to a noun phrase adjective, or other constituent which expresses the predicate.
| |
| | ***gerund (GER) | | ***gerund (GER) |
| | ***infinitive (INF) | | ***infinitive (INF) |
| − | ****The base form of a verb generally unmarked for inflectional categories.
| |
| | ***modal verb (MOV) | | ***modal verb (MOV) |
| | ***participle (PTP) | | ***participle (PTP) |
| − | ****A lexical item, derived from a verb, that has some of the characteristics and functions of both verbs and adjectives.
| |
| | ***reflexive verb (RXV) | | ***reflexive verb (RXV) |
| − | ****A verb whose agent performs an action that is directed at itself. It characteristically takes a reflexive pronoun as its object.
| |
| | *relative tense (RTE) | | *relative tense (RTE) |
| − | **A temporal linguistic quality expressing the time at, during, or over which a state or action denoted by a verb occurs with reference to another state or action.
| |
| | **past (RPT) | | **past (RPT) |
| − | ***Relative tense that refers to a time located before that of a contextually determined temporal reference point.
| |
| | **relative nonpast (NRPT) | | **relative nonpast (NRPT) |
| − | ***Relative tense that refers to a time simultaneous to, or after, a contextually determined temporal reference point, regardless of the latter's relation to the moment of utterance.
| |
| | **present (RPS) | | **present (RPS) |
| − | ***Relative tense that refers to a time that is simultaneous with some contextually determined temporal reference point.
| |
| | **future (RFT) | | **future (RFT) |
| − | ***Relative tense that refers to a time located after a contextually determined temporal reference point, regardless of the latter’s relation to the moment of utterance.
| |
| | **relative nonfuture (NRFT) | | **relative nonfuture (NRFT) |
| − | ***Relative tense that refers to a time simultaneous to, or before, a contextually determined temporal reference point, regardless of the latter's relation to the moment of utterance.
| |
| | *semantic features (SEM) | | *semantic features (SEM) |
| | **acts or actions (ACT) | | **acts or actions (ACT) |
| − | ***Nouns denoting acts or actions
| |
| | **animal (ANL) | | **animal (ANL) |
| − | ***Nouns denoting animals
| |
| | **artifact (ARF) | | **artifact (ARF) |
| − | ***Nouns denoting man-made objects
| |
| | **attribute (ATT) | | **attribute (ATT) |
| − | ***Nouns denoting attributes of people and objects
| |
| | **body parts (BON) | | **body parts (BON) |
| − | ***Nouns denoting body parts
| |
| | **body actions (BOV) | | **body actions (BOV) |
| − | ***Verbs of grooming, dressing and bodily care
| |
| | **cognition nouns (CGN) | | **cognition nouns (CGN) |
| − | ***Nouns denoting cognitive processes and contents
| |
| | **cognition verbs (CGV) | | **cognition verbs (CGV) |
| − | ***Verbs of thinking, judging, analyzing, doubting
| |
| | **change (CHA) | | **change (CHA) |
| − | ***Verbs of size, temperature change, intensifying, etc.
| |
| | **communication nouns (CMN) | | **communication nouns (CMN) |
| − | ***Nouns denoting communicative processes and contents
| |
| | **communication verbs (CMV) | | **communication verbs (CMV) |
| − | ***Verbs of telling, asking, ordering, singing
| |
| | **competition (CPT) | | **competition (CPT) |
| − | ***Verbs of fighting, athletic activities
| |
| | **creation (CRE) | | **creation (CRE) |
| − | ***Verbs of sewing, baking, painting, performing
| |
| | **consumption (CSM) | | **consumption (CSM) |
| − | ***Verbs of eating and drinking
| |
| | **contact (CTC) | | **contact (CTC) |
| − | ***Verbs of touching, hitting, tying, digging
| |
| | **emotion (EMO) | | **emotion (EMO) |
| − | ***Verbs of feeling
| |
| | **feeling (FEE) | | **feeling (FEE) |
| − | ***Nouns denoting feelings and emotions
| |
| | **food (FOO) | | **food (FOO) |
| − | ***Nouns denoting foods and drinks
| |
| | **group (GRO) | | **group (GRO) |
| − | ***Nouns denoting groupings of people or objects
| |
| | **location (LCT) | | **location (LCT) |
| − | ***Nouns denoting spatial position
| |
| | **motion (MOT) | | **motion (MOT) |
| − | ***Verbs of walking, flying, swimming
| |
| | **motive (MTV) | | **motive (MTV) |
| − | ***Nouns denoting goals
| |
| | **natural events (NEV) | | **natural events (NEV) |
| − | ***Nouns denoting natural events
| |
| | **natural objects (NOB) | | **natural objects (NOB) |
| − | ***Nouns denoting natural objects (not man-made)
| |
| | **perception (PCP) | | **perception (PCP) |
| − | ***Verbs of seeing, hearing, feeling
| |
| | **natural phenomena (PHE ) | | **natural phenomena (PHE ) |
| − | ***Nouns denoting natural phenomena
| |
| | **plant (PLA) | | **plant (PLA) |
| − | ***Nouns denoting plants
| |
| | **possession noun (PON) | | **possession noun (PON) |
| − | ***Nouns denoting possession and transfer of possession
| |
| | **possession verb (POV) | | **possession verb (POV) |
| − | ***Verbs of buying, selling, owning
| |
| | **natural process (PRO) | | **natural process (PRO) |
| − | ***Nouns denoting natural processes
| |
| | **person (PRS) | | **person (PRS) |
| − | ***Nouns denoting people
| |
| | **quantity (QTT) | | **quantity (QTT) |
| − | ***Nouns denoting quantities and units of measure
| |
| | **relation (REL) | | **relation (REL) |
| − | ***Nouns denoting relations between people or things or ideas
| |
| | **substance (SBS) | | **substance (SBS) |
| − | ***Nouns denoting substances
| |
| | **shape (SHA) | | **shape (SHA) |
| − | ***Nouns denoting two and three dimensional shapes
| |
| | **social (SOC) | | **social (SOC) |
| − | ***Verbs of political and social activities and events
| |
| | **state (STA) | | **state (STA) |
| − | ***Nouns denoting stable states of affairs
| |
| | **stative (STT) | | **stative (STT) |
| − | ***Verbs of being, having, spatial relations
| |
| | **time (TIM) | | **time (TIM) |
| − | ***Nouns denoting time and temporal relations
| |
| | **weather (WEA) | | **weather (WEA) |
| − | ***Verbs of raining, snowing, thawing, thundering
| |
| | *solidarity (SOL) | | *solidarity (SOL) |
| | **familiarity (FAM) | | **familiarity (FAM) |
| − | ***Familiarity is a kind of social deixis that expresses a high degree of solidarity between the speaker and addressee.
| |
| | **intimate social deixis (ITM) | | **intimate social deixis (ITM) |
| − | ***Intimate social deixis is deixis that expresses a very high degree of solidarity between the speaker and the addressee.
| |
| | **politeness (PLN) | | **politeness (PLN) |
| − | ***Politeness is social deixis that expresses a low degree of solidarity between the speaker and the addressee.
| |
| | *status (STS) | | *status (STS) |
| | **equivalent (EVL) | | **equivalent (EVL) |
| − | ***An equivalent is a term of social deixis that expresses equality of status.
| |
| | **inferior status (IFS) | | **inferior status (IFS) |
| − | ***Inferior status is social deixis that encodes a low degree of status.
| |
| | **reverential form (REV) | | **reverential form (REV) |
| − | ***A reverential form is an expression of social deixis that encodes very high status.
| |
| | **superior status (SPS) | | **superior status (SPS) |
| − | ***Superior status is social deixis that encodes high status.
| |
| | *syntactic roles (SYN) | | *syntactic roles (SYN) |
| | **adverbial phrase (AP) | | **adverbial phrase (AP) |
| − | ***Adverbial-bar-bar phrase (maximal projection)
| |
| | **adjunct to a conjunction (CA) | | **adjunct to a conjunction (CA) |
| − | ***An optional constituent of a complementizer phrase.
| |
| | ***adjunct to an adverb (AA) | | ***adjunct to an adverb (AA) |
| − | ****An optional constituent of an adverbial phrase.
| |
| | ***adverbial phrase (AB) | | ***adverbial phrase (AB) |
| − | ****Adverbial-bar phrase (intermediate projection)
| |
| | ***complement of an adverb (AC) | | ***complement of an adverb (AC) |
| − | ****A phrasal or clausal category which is selected (subcategorized) by the head of a phrase.
| |
| | ***specifier of an adverb (AS) | | ***specifier of an adverb (AS) |
| | **conjunctional phrase (CP) | | **conjunctional phrase (CP) |
| − | ***Conjunction-bar-bar phrase (maximal projection)
| |
| | ***conjunctional phrase (CB) | | ***conjunctional phrase (CB) |
| − | ****Conjunction-bar phrase (intermediate projection)
| |
| | ***complement of a conjunction (CC) | | ***complement of a conjunction (CC) |
| − | ****A phrasal or clausal category which is selected (subcategorized) by the head of a phrase.
| |
| | ***specifier of a conjunction (CS) | | ***specifier of a conjunction (CS) |
| | **determiner phrase (DP) | | **determiner phrase (DP) |
| − | ***Determiner-bar-bar phrase (maximal projection)
| |
| | ***adjunct of a determiner (DA) | | ***adjunct of a determiner (DA) |
| − | ****An optional constituent of a determiner phrase.
| |
| | ***determiner phrase (DB) | | ***determiner phrase (DB) |
| − | ****Determiner-bar phrase (intermediate projection)
| |
| | ***complement of a determiner (DC) | | ***complement of a determiner (DC) |
| − | ****A phrasal or clausal category which is selected (subcategorized) by the head of a phrase.
| |
| | ***specifier of a determiner (DS) | | ***specifier of a determiner (DS) |
| | **inflectional phrase (IP) | | **inflectional phrase (IP) |
| − | ***Inflectional-bar-bar phrase (maximal projection)
| |
| | ***adjunct of an inflection (IA) | | ***adjunct of an inflection (IA) |
| − | ****An optional constituent of an inflectional phrase.
| |
| | ***inflectional phrase (IB) | | ***inflectional phrase (IB) |
| − | ****Inflectional-bar phrase (intermediate projection)
| |
| | ***complement of an inflection (IC) | | ***complement of an inflection (IC) |
| − | ****A phrasal or clausal category which is selected (subcategorized) by the head of a phrase.
| |
| | ***specifier of an inflection (IS) | | ***specifier of an inflection (IS) |
| | **adjective phrase (JP) | | **adjective phrase (JP) |
| − | ***Adjective-bar-bar phrase (maximal projection)
| |
| | ***adjunct of an adjective (JA) | | ***adjunct of an adjective (JA) |
| − | ****An optional constituent of an adjective phrase.
| |
| | ***adjective phrase (JB) | | ***adjective phrase (JB) |
| − | ****Adjective-bar phrase (intermediate projection)
| |
| | ***complement of an adjective (JC) | | ***complement of an adjective (JC) |
| − | ****A phrasal or clausal category which is selected (subcategorized) by the head of a phrase.
| |
| | ***specifier of an adjective (JS) | | ***specifier of an adjective (JS) |
| | **nominal phrase (NP) | | **nominal phrase (NP) |
| − | ***Nominal-bar-bar phrase (maximal projection)
| |
| | ***adjunct of a noun (NA) | | ***adjunct of a noun (NA) |
| − | ****An optional constituent of a noun phrase.
| |
| | ***nominal phrase (NB) | | ***nominal phrase (NB) |
| − | ****Nominal-bar phrase (intermediate projection)
| |
| | ***complement of a noun (NC) | | ***complement of a noun (NC) |
| − | ****A phrasal or clausal category which is selected (subcategorized) by the head of a phrase.
| |
| | ***specifier of a noun (NS) | | ***specifier of a noun (NS) |
| | **prepositional phrase (PP) | | **prepositional phrase (PP) |
| − | ***Adpositional-bar-bar phrase (maximal projection)
| |
| | ***adjunct of a preposition (PA) | | ***adjunct of a preposition (PA) |
| − | ****An optional constituent of a prepositional phrase.
| |
| | ***prepositional phrase (PB) | | ***prepositional phrase (PB) |
| − | ****Adpositional-bar phrase (intermediate projection)
| |
| | ***complement of a preposition (PC) | | ***complement of a preposition (PC) |
| − | ****A phrasal or clausal category which is selected (subcategorized) by the head of a phrase.
| |
| | ***specifier of a preposition (PS) | | ***specifier of a preposition (PS) |
| | **sentence (SP) | | **sentence (SP) |
| | **verbal phrase (VP) | | **verbal phrase (VP) |
| − | ***Verbal-bar-bar phrase (maximal projection)
| |
| | ***adjunct of a verb (VA) | | ***adjunct of a verb (VA) |
| − | ****An optional constituent of a verbal phrase.
| |
| | ***verbal phrase (VB) | | ***verbal phrase (VB) |
| − | ****Verbal-bar phrase (intermediate projection)
| |
| | ***complement of a verb (VC) | | ***complement of a verb (VC) |
| − | ****A phrasal or clausal category which is selected (subcategorized) by the head of a phrase.
| |
| | ***specifier of a verb (VS) | | ***specifier of a verb (VS) |
| | *transitivity (TRA) | | *transitivity (TRA) |
| − | **A property of verbs that relates to whether a verb can take direct objects.
| |
| | **ambitransitive (ATST) | | **ambitransitive (ATST) |
| − | ***A verb that can be used both as intransitive or as transitive without requiring a morphological change
| |
| | **ditransitive (DTST) | | **ditransitive (DTST) |
| − | ***A verb which takes a subject and two objects.
| |
| | **indirect transitive (ITST) | | **indirect transitive (ITST) |
| − | ***A verb which takes a subject and a single indirect object
| |
| | **intransitive (NTST) | | **intransitive (NTST) |
| − | ***A verb that does not take an object
| |
| | **direct transitive (TST) | | **direct transitive (TST) |
| − | ***A verb which takes a subject and a single direct object
| |
| | **tritransitive (TTST) | | **tritransitive (TTST) |
| − | ***A verb which takes a subject and three objects.
| |
| | *valency (VAL) | | *valency (VAL) |
| − | **Verb valency or valence refers to the number of arguments controlled by a verbal predicate.
| |
| | **avalent (VAL0) | | **avalent (VAL0) |
| − | ***An avalent verb takes no arguments
| |
| | **monovalent (VAL1) | | **monovalent (VAL1) |
| − | ***A monovalent verb takes one argument
| |
| | **divalent (VAL2) | | **divalent (VAL2) |
| − | ***A verb which takes two arguments
| |
| | **trivalent (VAL3) | | **trivalent (VAL3) |
| − | ***A trivalent verb takes three arguments
| |
| | **tetravalent (VAL4) | | **tetravalent (VAL4) |
| − | ***A trivalent verb takes four arguments
| |
| | *voice (VOI) | | *voice (VOI) |
| − | **The voice (also called diathesis) of a verb describes the relationship between the action (or state) that the verb expresses and the participants identified by its arguments (subject, object, etc.).
| |
| | **active voice (ACV) | | **active voice (ACV) |
| − | ***When the subject is the agent or actor of the verb.
| |
| | **middle voice (MID) | | **middle voice (MID) |
| − | ***A voice that indicates that the subject is the actor and acts upon himself or herself reflexively, or for his or her own benefit.
| |
| | **antipassive voice (NPSV) | | **antipassive voice (NPSV) |
| − | ***Antipassive voice is a voice in an ergative-absolutive language in which a noun phrase that normally has ergative case instead has absolutive case a noun phrase that normally has absolutive case is marked as an oblique or an indirect object, and the salience of the normally absolutive noun phrase is, according to some analysts, decreased.
| |
| | **passive voice (PSV) | | **passive voice (PSV) |
| − | ***When the subject is the patient, target or undergoer of the action.
| |
| | }} | | }} |
The set of features in a UNL-driven dictionary depends on the structure of the natural language and may vary a lot. However, in order to better standardize lexical resources inside the UNL framework, the UNDL Foundation recommends the adoption of the following tags for some specific and pervasive grammatical phenomena. Several of those linguistic constants have been already proposed to the Data Category Registry (ISO 12620), and represent widely accepted linguistic concepts. Our main intention here is just to provide a harmonized system to be shared by the UNL community so as to make dictionaries as easily understandable and exchangeable as possible.
In order to define the tags to be used in the UNL Tagset, the following premises were adopted:
The resulting set of tags, which is still subject to additions and revisions, is presented below. For the time being, the definitions and examples have been extracted out of the Glossary of Linguistic Terms (Loos et alii), available at SIL International. The tags are expected to migrate to an on-line environment, still under construction, where accredited linguists will have the opportunity to improve this repertoire.
