Tagset

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**determiner (DET)
 
**determiner (DET)
 
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***quantifier (QUA)
 
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**particle (PTC)
 
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***emphatic pronoun (EPR)
 
***emphatic pronoun (EPR)
 
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***indefinite pronoun (NPR)

Revision as of 11:42, 11 January 2010

The set of features in a UNL-driven dictionary depends on the structure of the natural language and may vary a lot. However, in order to better standardize lexical resources inside the UNL framework, the UNDL Foundation recommends the adoption of the following tags for some specific and pervasive grammatical phenomena. Several of those linguistic constants have been already proposed to the Data Category Registry (ISO 12620), and represent widely accepted linguistic concepts. Our main intention here is just to provide a harmonized system to be shared by the UNL community so as to make dictionaries as easily understandable and exchangeable as possible.

Contents

When to use the UNDLF Tagset

The UNDLF Tagset is required for providing lexical resources (dictionary entries and grammar rules) in the UNLarium framework. Indeed, the whole environment has been already prepared to accept only the tags here presented. In most cases, the use of tags is rather unnoticeable and effortless, since users are supposed to make higher-level choices ("adjective", for instance) which will be internally represented through the corresponding authorized labels ("ADJ"). However, in several circumstances, as when creating inflectional paradigms or subcategorization frames, users are expected to address more fine-grained linguistic phenomena that may require a specialized metalanguage. That's exactly the purpose of this tagset: to provide the technical means for describing any linguistic behaviour. And it should do that in a strongly standardised way, i.e., so that others could easily understand and exploit the data for their own benefit.

General Guidelines

In order to define the tags to be used in the UNDLF Tagset, the following premises were adopted:

  • Tags should be as language-independent as possible (i.e., they should avoid language biases)
  • Tags should be as comprehensive as possible (i.e., they should cover all widely accepted linguistic concepts)
  • Tags should be as few as possible (i.e., they should avoid redundancy)
  • Tags should be as short as possible (i.e., they should fit in a three-character string)
  • Tags should be as mnemonic as possible (i.e., they should be easily readable)
  • Tags should be provided in an subsumptive containment hierarchy (a taxonomic hierarchy) so that upper level values could be inferred from the lower ones.

The resulting set of tags, which is still subject to additions and revisions, is presented below. For the time being, the definitions and examples have been extracted out of the Glossary of Linguistic Terms (Loos et alii), available at SIL International. The tags are expected to migrate to an on-line environment, still under construction, where accredited linguists will have the opportunity to enhance and to improve this repertoire.

Tree of attributes and values

The hierarchy of tags is depicted in the tree below. The topmost level represents the attributes of which the tags are a value. Examples and definitions for each tag are presented in the next section.

List of tags (in alphabetical order)

Tag Attribute Name Definition Example
1PP PER first person plural Deictic reference that refers to both the speaker and referents grouped with the speaker. we
1PS PER first person singular Deictic reference that refers to the speaker. I
2PP PER second person plural Deictic reference to more than one referent identified as addressee. you
2PS PER second person singular Deictic reference to a single referent identified as addressee. you
3PP PER third person plural Deictic reference to more than one referent not identified as the speaker or addressee. they
3PS PER third person singular Deictic reference to a single referent not identified as the speaker or addressee. he
AA SYN adjunct to an adverb An optional constituent of an adverbial phrase.
AB SYN adverbial phrase Adverbial-bar phrase
ABB POS abbreviation Dr.
ABE CAS abessive A case that expresses the lack or absence of the referent of the noun it marks
ABL CAS ablative A case that indicates movement from something, and/or cause
ABS ABT abstract A noun that denotes something viewed as a nonmaterial referent
ABT ABT abstractness
AC SYN complement of an adverb A phrasal or clausal category which is selected by the head of a phrase.
ACAS AGR assigns case Used to indicate case agreement
ACC CAS accusative A case that indicates the direct object of a verb him
ACR POS acronym UNL
ACT SEM act or action Nouns denoting acts or actions
ACV VOI active voice When the subject is the agent or actor of the verb.
ADJ POS adjective Modifiers of nouns. beautiful
ADP POS adposition Cover term for prepositions and postpositions. It is a member of a closed set of items that occur before or after a complement composed of a noun phrase, noun, pronoun, or clause that functions as a noun phrase, and form a single structure with the complement to express its grammatical and semantic relation to another unit within a clause.
ADV POS adverb Modifiers of verbs and other constituent classes. beautifully
AFX POS affix A bound morpheme which adds lexical or syntactic information to a root or stem.
AGEN AGR assigns gender Used to indicate gender agreement
AGR AGR agreement
ALE MOD alethic Modality that connotes the speaker’s estimation of the logical necessity or possibility of the proposition expressed by his utterance.
ALL CAS allative A case that expresses motion to or toward the referent of the noun it marks.
ANI ANI animacy Grammatical and/or semantic category of nouns based on how sentient or alive the referent of the noun is.
ANL SEM animal Nouns denoting animals
ANM ANI animate Indicates an animate reference he, she
ANUM AGR assigns number Used to indicate number agreement
AP SYN adverbial phrase Adverbial-bar-bar phrase
APER AGR assigns person Used to indicate person agreement
ARF SEM artifact Nouns denoting man-made objects
ART POS article Determiner that identifies a noun's definite or indefinite reference, and new or given status. the
AS SYN specifier of an adverb
ASL CAS absolutive Case of nouns in ergative-absolutive languages that would generally be the subjects of intransitive verbs or the objects of transitive verbs in the translational equivalents of nominative-accusative languages such as English.
ASP ASP aspect Defines the temporal flow in the described event or state.
ATE ATE absolute tense A temporal linguistic quality expressing the time at, during, or over which a state or action denoted by a verb occurs with reference to the speaker.
ATST TRA ambitransitive A verb that can be used both as intransitive or as transitive without requiring a morphological change read
ATT SEM attribute Nouns denoting attributes of people and objects
AUM MOD assumptive mood Assumptive mood is an epistemic mode that signals the speaker's belief that his statement is based on facts about what is usually the case in such circumstances.
AUX POS auxiliary verb A verb which accompanies the lexical verb of a verb phrase, and expresses grammatical distinctions not carried by the lexical verb. will
AVR POS adverbializer An adverbializer is a subordinating conjunction that links a subordinate clause to a main clause, and indicates that the subordinate clause has an "adverbial" or interpropositional relation to the main clause, indicating purpose, condition, time, and location. when , after
BEN CAS benefactive A case that expresses that the referent of the noun it marks receives the benefit of the situation expressed by the clause
BON SEM body part Nouns denoting body parts
BOV SEM body action Verbs of grooming, dressing and bodily care
CA SYN adjunct to a conjunction An optional constituent of a complementizer phrase.
CAS CAS case The case of a noun or pronoun indicates its grammatical function in a greater phrase or clause such as the role of subject or of direct object.
CAU CAS causative A case which expresses that the referent of the noun it marks is the cause of the situation expressed by the clause.
CB SYN conjunctional phrase Conjunction-bar phrase
CC SYN complement of a conjunction A phrasal or clausal category which is selected by the head of a phrase.
CCT ABT concrete A noun that refers to what is viewed as a material entity.
CCX POS circumfix Affix made up of two separate parts which surround and attach to a root or stem.
CDN POS cardinal numeral A numeral of the class whose members are considered basic in form, are used in counting, and in expressing how many objects are referred to. two
CGN SEM cognitive noun Nouns denoting cognitive processes and contents
CGV SEM cognitive verb Verbs of thinking, judging, analyzing, doubting
CHA SEM change Verbs of size, temperature change, intensifying, etc.
CIR POS circumposition
CLA POS classifier A word or affix that expresses the classification of a noun.
CMN SEM communication noun Nouns denoting communicative processes and contents
CMP DEG comparative An adjective that compares the quality with that of another of its kind better
CMR POS complementizer A complementizer is a conjunction which marks a complement clause. that
CMS MOD commissive modality Commissive modality is a deontic modality that connotes the speaker's expressed commitment, as a promise or threat, to bring about the proposition expressed by the utterance. All elections shall take place on schedule.
CMT CAS comitative A case expressing accompaniment.
CMV SEM communication verb Verbs of telling, asking, ordering, singing
CNJ POS conjunction Conjunction is a word that syntactically links words or larger constituents, and expresses a semantic relationship between them.
COL POS collective noun A collective noun is a noun that refers to a group of entities that may be considered either as individuals or as one larger entity. club
COO POS coordinating conjunction A conjunction that links constituents without syntactically subordinating one to the other. and
COP POS copula An intransitive verb which links a subject to a noun phrase adjective, or other constituent which expresses the predicate. be
CP SYN conjunctional phrase Conjunction-bar-bar phrase
CPR POS reciprocal pronoun A reciprocal pronoun is a pronoun that expresses a mutual feeling or action among the referents of a plural subject. They hit [each other].
CPT SEM competition Verbs of fighting, athletic activities
CRC POS correlative conjunction Either of a pair of coordinating conjunctions used in ordered fashion. Typically, one is used immediately before each member of a pair of constituents.
CRE SEM creation Verbs of sewing, baking, painting, performing
CS SYN specifier of a conjunction
CSM SEM consumption Verbs of eating and drinking
CTC SEM contact Verbs of touching, hitting, tying, digging
CTN ASP continuative An imperfective aspect that expresses an ongoing, but not habitual, occurrence of the state or event expressed by the verb. I am still eating.
CTT POS contraction don't
DA SYN adjunct of a determiner An optional constituent of a determiner phrase.
DAT CAS dative case A case that indicates the indirect object of a verb us
DAX POS derivational affix An affix by means of which one word is formed from another.
DB SYN determiner phrase Determiner-bar phrase
DC SYN complement of a determiner A phrasal or clausal category which is selected by the head of a phrase.
DED MOD deductive mood Deductive mood is an epistemic mood that signals that the speaker judges from other facts that the proposition expressed by his utterance is probably true.
DEF DEF definite Indicates that an expression’s referent is in some way identifiable to both speaker and addressee. the
DEG DEG degree Describes the relational value of one thing with something in another clause of a sentence.
DEL CAS delative A case which expresses motion downward from the referent of the noun it marks.
DEM POS demonstrative A determiner that is used deictically to indicate a referent's spatial, temporal, or discourse location. this
DEO MOD deontic Modality that connotes the speaker's degree of requirement of desire for, or commitment to the realization of the proposition expressed by the utterance.
DET POS determiner Word or affix that belongs to a class of noun modifiers that expresses the reference, including quantity, of a noun.
DFN DEF defineteness Category concerned with the grammaticalization of identifiability and nonidentifiability of referents on the part of a speaker or addressee.
DLB MOD deliberative mood Deliberative mood is a directive mood which signals the speaker's request for instruction from the addressee as to whether to do the proposition expressed in the utterance.
DP SYN determiner phrase Determiner-bar-bar phrase
DRT MOD directive modality Directive modality is a deontic modality that connotes the speaker’s degree of requirement of conformity to the proposition expressed by an utterance. Stop!
DS SYN specifier of a determiner
DTN POS distributive numeral A distributive numeral is a numeral which expresses a group of the number specified. By the dozen , In pairs
DTST TRA ditransitive A verb which takes a subject and two objects. give
DUA NUM dual Number which refers to two members of the class identified by the noun.
DUB MOD dubitative mood Dubitative mood is an epistemic mood which signals a speaker’s reservation about the accuracy of his or her statement.
DUM POS dummy word A dummy word is a grammatical unit that has no meaning, but completes a sentence to make it grammatical.
ELA CAS elative A case expressing motion out of or away from the referent of the noun it marks.
EMO SEM emotion Verbs of feeling
EPI MOD epistemic Modality that connotes how much certainty or evidence a speaker has for the proposition expressed by his or her utterance.
EPR POS emphatic pronoun An emphatic pronoun is a personal pronoun that is used to emphasize its referent. [Moi], je suis Français.
EQU CAS equative A case that expresses likeness or identity to the referent of the noun it marks.
ERG CAS ergative The case of nouns in ergative-absolutive languages that would generally be the subjects of transitive verbs in the translation equivalents of nominative-accusative languages such as English.
ESS CAS essive A case that expresses the temporary state of the referent specified by a noun.
EVI MOD evidentiality Evidentiality is an epistemic modality that connotes the speaker's assessment of the evidence for his or her statement.

An evidential is a form, such as a verbal affix, that is a grammatical expression of evidentiality.||

EVL STS equivalent An equivalent is a term of social deixis that expresses equality of status.
EXP ASP experiential perfect aspect Grammaticalization of the current relevance, at the moment of utterance, of an event or state that occurred prior to the moment of utterance. The event or state is expressed as an experience which happened at least once, without respect to a particular location in time, and which is repeatable. Bill has been to America.
FAM SOL familiarity Familiarity is a kind of social deixis that expresses a high degree of solidarity between the speaker and addressee.
FEE SEM feeling Nouns denoting feelings and emotions
FEM GEN feminine A grammatical gender that marks nouns that have human or animal female referents, and often marks nouns that have referents that do not carry distinctions of sex. she
FOO SEM food Nouns denoting foods and drinks
FPR POS reflexive pronoun A reflexive pronoun is a pronoun that has coreference with the subject. He prides [himself] on his appearance.
FUT ATE future An absolute tense that refers to a time after the moment of utterance. will be
GEN GEN gender A noun class system, composed of two or three classes, whose nouns that have human male and female referents tend to be in separate classes.
GER POS gerund sleeping
GNR DEF generic A noun or noun phrase that refers to a whole class, or any member of a class as a representative of its class.
GNT CAS genitive A case in which the referent of the marked noun is the possessor of the referent of another noun. my
GRO SEM group Nouns denoting groupings of people or objects
HAB ASP habitual An imperfective aspect that expresses the occurrence of an event or state as characteristic of a period of time. I used to walk.
HEP ATE hesternal past tense Past tense that refers to a time that is located somewhere in the span beginning with the period defined culturally as "yesterday" and extends back through some period that is considered nonremote.
HOP ATE hodiernal past tense Past tense that refers to a time as located before the moment of utterance within the span culturally defined as "today."
HYP MOD hypothetical mood Hypothetical mood is an epistemic mood that signals that the speaker evaluates a proposition as counterfactual, but otherwise possible.
IA SYN adjunct of an inflection An optional constituent of an inflectional phrase.
IAX POS inflectional affix Affix that expresses a grammatical contrast that is obligatory for its stem's word class in some given grammatical context.
IB SYN inflectional phrase Inflectional-bar phrase
IC SYN complement of an inflection A phrasal or clausal category which is selected by the head of a phrase.
ICP ASP inceptive Aspect that expresses the beginning of an event or state. I started eating.
IFS STS inferior status Inferior status is social deixis that encodes a low degree of status.
IFX POS infix Affix that is inserted within a root or stem.
ILL CAS illative A case that expresses motion into or direction toward the referent of the noun it marks.
IMP MOD imperative mood Imperative mood is mood that signals directive modality, especially in commands. Its use may be extended to signal permission.
INC ASP inchoative Aspect that expresses the change of a state.
IND MOD declarative mood Declarative mood is an epistemic mood that signals that the proposition expressed by a speaker’s utterance is offered as an unqualified statement of fact.
INE CAS inessive A case that expresses a location within the referent of the noun it marks.
INF POS infinitive The base form of a verb generally unmarked for inflectional categories. be
INS CAS instrumental A case indicating that the referent of the noun it marks is the means of the accomplishment of the action expressed by the clause.
INT MOD interrogative mood An interrogative mood is an epistemic mood that signals that the speaker wishes to elicit information concerning the content of his or her utterance from the addressee.
IP SYN inflectional phrase Inflectional-bar-bar phrase
IPC MOD imprecative mood Imprecative mood is a volitive mood that signals the speaker's wish that an unfavorable proposition will come about.
IPR POS interrogative pronoun A pro-form that is used in questions to stand for the item questioned. who
IPT ATE immediate past tense Past tense that refers to a time considered very recent in relation to the moment of utterance.
IS SYN specifier of an inflection
ITE ASP iterative Aspect that expresses the repetition of an event or state. I ate it again and again.
ITJ POS interjection Form, typically brief, such as one syllable or word, which is used most often as an exclamation or part of an exclamation. hello
ITM SOL intimate social deixis Intimate social deixis is deixis that expresses a very high degree of solidarity between the speaker and the addressee.
ITST TRA indirect transitive A verb which takes a subject and a single indirect object
JA SYN adjunct of an adjective An optional constituent of an adjective phrase.
JB SYN adjective phrase Adjective-bar phrase
JC SYN complement of an adjective A phrasal or clausal category which is selected by the head of a phrase.
JDG MOD judgment modality Judgment modality is an epistemic modality that connotes the speaker's strength of inference, or degree of confidence in the reality of the proposition expressed by his or her utterance.
JP SYN adjective phrase Adjective-bar-bar phrase
JS SYN specifier of an adjective
JUS MOD jussive mood Jussive mood is a directive mood that signals a speaker's command, permission, or agreement that the proposition expressed by his or her utterance be brought about.
LAT CAS lative A case that expresses motion up to the location of, or as far as the referent of the noun it marks.
LCT SEM location Nouns denoting spatial position
LEX LEX lexical status
LOC CAS locative A case that expresses location at the referent of the noun it marks.
MAF GEN masculine and feminine Variable gender un après-midi = une après-midi
MCL GEN masculine Includes most words that refer to males. he
MID VOI middle voice A voice that indicates that the subject is the actor and acts upon himself or herself reflexively, or for his or her own benefit.
MLN POS multiplicative numeral A numeral that expresses how many fold or how many times.
MOD MOD modality Facet of illocutionary force, signaled by grammatical devices , that expresses The illocutionary point or general intent of a speaker, or a speaker’s degree of commitment to the expressed proposition's believability, obligatoriness, desirability, or reality.
MOF GEN masculine or feminine Common gender le pianiste x la pianiste
MOT SEM motion Verbs of walking, flying, swimming
MOV POS modal verb can
MTV SEM motive Nouns denoting goals
MTW LEX multiword expression A free morpheme comprising more than one stem United States of America
NA SYN adjunct of a noun An optional constituent of a noun phrase.
NANM ANI inanimate Indicates an inanimate reference it
NB SYN nominal phrase Nominal-bar phrase
NC SYN complement of a noun A phrasal or clausal category which is selected by the head of a phrase.
NCP ATE nonrecent past tense Past tense that refers to a time before the range of a contrasting recent past tense.
NDEF DEF indefinite Indicates that the referent of an expression are not presumed to be identifiable. a
NEC MOD necessity Degree of contingency in modality that in alethic modality connotes logical requirement

deontic modality connotes obligation, and epistemic modality connotes certainty.||

NEU GEN neuter Includes mostly words that do not refer to males or females. it
NEV SEM natural event Nouns denoting natural events
NFUT ATE nonfuture Absolute tense that refers to a time at or before the moment of utterance, and contrasts with a future tense.
NMP ATE nonremote past tense Past tense that refers to a time considered not more than a few days ago, in contrast to a remote past tense.
NMR POS numeral A word, functioning most typically as an adjective or pronoun, that expresses a number or

relation to the number.||

NOB SEM natural object Nouns denoting natural objects
NOM CAS nominative A case that indicates the subject of a finite verb. I
NOU POS noun Member of a syntactic class that includes words which refer to people, places, things, ideas, or concepts; whose members may act as any of the following: subjects of the verb, objects of the verb, indirect object of the verb, or object of a preposition , and most of whose members have inherently determined grammatical gender . beauty
NP SYN nominal phrase Nominal-bar-bar phrase
NPAS ATE nonpast Absolute tense that refers to a time at or after the moment of utterance, and contrasts with a past tense.
NPFC ASP imperfective An event in the process of unfolding I was swimming.
NPR POS indefinite pronoun An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun that belongs to a class whose members indicate indefinite reference. anybody, one, somebody
NPSV VOI antipassive voice Antipassive voice is a voice in an ergative-absolutive language in which a noun phrase that normally has ergative case instead has absolutive case a noun phrase that normally has absolutive case is marked as an oblique or an indirect object, and the salience of the normally absolutive noun phrase is, according to some analysts, decreased.
NREA MOD irrealis Modality that connotes that the proposition with which it is associated is nonactual or nonfactual.
NRFT RTE relative nonfuture Relative tense that refers to a time simultaneous to, or before, a contextually determined temporal reference point, regardless of the latter's relation to the moment of utterance.
NRPT RTE relative nonpast Relative tense that refers to a time simultaneous to, or after, a contextually determined temporal reference point, regardless of the latter's relation to the moment of utterance.
NS SYN specifier of a noun
NSPC DEF nonspecified Indicates that the speaker presumably does not know the identity of the referent.
NTST TRA intransitive A verb that does not take an object fall
NUM NUM number A grammatical category of nouns, pronouns, and adjective and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions.
NYET ATE not-yet Absolute tense that refers to times at and before the moment of utterance in asserting the present and past nonoccurrence of an event or state. It tends to imply that the event or state is expected to occur in the future.
OBL MOD obligative mood Obligative mood is a directive mood that signals the speaker's estimation of the necessity that the proposition expressed in his or her utterance be brought about.
OPT MOD optative mood Optative mood is a volitive mood that signals wishing or hoping.
ORD POS ordinal numeral A numeral belonging to a class whose members designate positions in a sequence. second
PA SYN adjunct of a preposition An optional constituent of a prepositional phrase.
PAS ATE past An absolute tense that refers to a time before the moment of utterance. was
PAU NUM paucal
PB SYN prepositional phrase Adpositional-bar phrase
PC SYN complement of a preposition A phrasal or clausal category which is selected by the head of a phrase.
PCP SEM perception Verbs of seeing, hearing, feeling
PCT MOD precative mood Precative mood is a directive mood that signals that the utterance is a request.
PEP ATE prehesternal past tense Past tense that refers to a time in some span before that of an opposing hesternal past tense.
PER PER person A deictic reference to a participant in an event, such as the speaker, the addressee, or others.
PFC ASP perfective A single event conceived as a unit I swam.
PFX POS prefix Affix that is joined before a root or stem. un
PGS ASP progressive Continuous aspect that expresses processes, not states. I am eating.
PHB MOD prohibitive mood Prohibitive mood is a directive mood that signals a prohibition. It is distinguished by

the use of a negated imperative sentence that employs a negative marker distinct from that used in declarative sentences, or a verb form different from that of the imperative.||

PHE SEM natural phenomena Nouns denoting natural phenomena
PLA SEM plant Nouns denoting plants
PLN SOL politeness Politeness is social deixis that expresses a low degree of solidarity between the speaker and the addressee.
PLR NUM plural Number that expresses reference to a quantity greater than that expressed by the largest specific number category in a language, such as "more than one" in English, and "more than two" in some other languages. they
PLT CAS prolative A case that expresses motion along or by the referent of the noun it marks.
PMS MOD permissive mood Permissive mood is a directive mood that signals the speaker’s act of giving permission.
PON SEM possession noun Nouns denoting possession and transfer of possession
POP ATE prehodiernal past tense Past tense that refers to a time in some span before that of a contrasting hodiernal past tense.
POS POS part of speech
POV SEM possession verb Verbs of buying, selling, owning
PP SYN prepositional phrase Adpositional-bar-bar phrase
PPL CAS prepositional A case that indicates the complement of a preposition.
PPN POS proper noun Noun that is the name of a specific individual, place, or object. Geneva
PPR POS personal pronoun A personal pronoun is a pronoun that expresses a distinction of person deixis. I, he, she, it, we
PPS POS postposition Adposition that occurs after its complement.
PPT ASP prospective Aspect that expresses the imminence of an event or state. I am about to eat.
PRE POS preposition Adposition that occurs before its complement. against
PRN POS pronoun A pro-form which functions like a noun and substitutes for a noun or noun phrase.
PRO SEM natural process Nouns denoting natural processes
PRP ASP perfect of recent past Grammaticalization of the current relevance of a state or event, occurring before the moment of utterance, which is relevant due to its proximity in time to the moment of utterance. He has just arrived.
PRS SEM person Nouns denoting people
PRT ATE present Absolute tense that refers to the moment of utterance am
PS SYN specifier of a preposition
PSB MOD possibility Degree of contingency in modality that in alethic modality connotes logical possibility

deontic modality connotes permission, and epistemic modality connotes uncertainty or speculation.||

PSS ASP perfect of persistent situation Grammaticalization of the current relevance of a state or event begun prior to the moment of utterance, which is relevant because of its continuation until the moment of utterance. I have been waiting for three days.
PST DEG positive
PSV VOI passive voice When the subject is the patient, target or undergoer of the action.
PTC POS particle A word that does not belong to one of the main classes of words is invariable in form, and typically has grammatical or pragmatic meaning. to
PTN POS partitive numeral A partitive numeral is a numeral that expresses a fraction. two thirds
PTP POS participle A lexical item, derived from a verb, that has some of the characteristics and functions of both verbs and adjectives. done
PTR ATE preterit Simple past tense not marked for aspect or modality.
PTT CAS partitive A case that expresses the partial nature of the referent of the noun it marks, as opposed to expressing the whole unit or class of which the referent is a part.
QDR NUM quadrual
QTT SEM quantity Nouns denoting quantities and units of measure
QUA POS quantifier A determiner that expresses a referent's definite or indefinite number or amount. every
RCAS AGR receives case Used in case agreement.
RCP ATE recent past tense Past tense that refers to a time, culturally and situationally defined, within the span ranging from yesterday to a week or a few months previous.
REA MOD realis Modality that connotes the factuality of a proposition.
REL SEM relation Nouns denoting relations between people or things or ideas
RES ASP perfect of result Grammaticalization of the current relevance of a state or event, occurring before the moment of utterance, which is relevant because of a resulting state at the moment of utterance. John has arrived.
REV STS reverential form A reverential form is an expression of social deixis that encodes very high status.
RFT RTE relative future Relative tense that refers to a time located after a contextually determined temporal reference point, regardless of the latter’s relation to the moment of utterance. would had been
RGEN AGR receives gender Used in gender agreement.
RMP ATE remote past tense Past tense that refers to a time considered more than a few days ago.
RNUM AGR receives number Used in number agreement.
RPER AGR receives person Used in person agreement.
RPR POS relative pronoun A relative pronoun is a pronoun that marks a relative clause, functions grammatically within the relative clause, and is coreferential to the word modified by the relative clause. The man [who] comes next
RPS RTE relative present Relative tense that refers to a time that is simultaneous with some contextually determined temporal reference point.
RPT RTE relative past Relative tense that refers to a time located before that of a contextually determined temporal reference point. had been
RTE RTE relative tense A temporal linguistic quality expressing the time at, during, or over which a state or action denoted by a verb occurs with reference to another state or action.
RVZ POS relativizer A relativizer is a subordinating conjunction that links a relative clause to its head noun.

It is distinguishable from a relative pronoun in that it does not have a nominal function within the relative clause.||

RXV POS reflexive verb A verb whose agent performs an action that is directed at itself. It characteristically takes a reflexive pronoun as its object. He perjured himself.
SBS SEM substance Nouns denoting substances
SBW LEX subword A bound morpheme bab
SCJ POS subordinanting conjunction A conjunction that links constructions by making one of them a constituent of another. if
SEM SEM semantic features
SFX POS suffix Affix that is attached to the end of a root or stem. s
SHA SEM shape Nouns denoting two and three dimensional shapes
SNG NUM singular Number that refers to one member of a designated class. he
SOC SEM social Verbs of political and social activities and events
SOL SOL solidarity
SP SYN sentence
SPC DEF specificied Indicates that the speaker presumably knows the identity of the referent.
SPE CAS superessive A case that expresses location on the referent of the noun it marks.
SPR POS posessive pronoun A possessive pronoun is a pronoun that expresses ownership and relationships like ownership, such as kinship, and other forms of association. my, mine
SPS STS superior status Superior status is social deixis that encodes high status.
SPT MOD speculative mood Speculative mood is an epistemic mood that signals that the speaker judges from certain facts that the proposition expressed by his or her utterance is possibly true.
STA SEM state Nouns denoting stable states of affairs
STL ATE still Absolute tense carrying the presupposition that an event or state held before the moment of utterance.
STS STS status
STT SEM stative Verbs of being, having, spatial relations
SUB MOD subjunctive mood Subjunctive mood is a mood that typically signals irrealis meanings, such as potentiality

uncertainty, prediction, obligation, and desire. It most typically occurs in a subordinate clause, but may occur outside of one.||

SUP DEG superlative An adjective that compares the quality with many or all others of its kind best
SYN SYN syntactic roles
TER ASP terminative Aspect that expresses the cessation of an event or state. I finished eating.
TIM SEM time Nouns denoting time and temporal relations
TLT CAS translative A case indicating that the referent of the noun, or the quality of the adjective, that it marks is the result of a process of change.
TRA TRA transitivity A property of verbs that relates to whether a verb can take direct objects.
TRI NUM trial A number that refers to three members of the designated class.
TST TRA direct transitive A verb which takes a subject and a single direct object kiss
TTST TRA tritransitive A verb which takes a subject and three objects. trade
VA SYN adjunct of a verb An optional constituent of a verbal phrase.
VAL VAL valency Verb valency or valence refers to the number of arguments controlled by a verbal predicate.
VAL0 VAL avalent An avalent verb takes no arguments rain
VAL1 VAL monovalent A monovalent verb takes one argument sleep
VAL2 VAL divalent A verb which takes two arguments eat
VAL3 VAL trivalent A trivalent verb takes three arguments give
VAL4 VAL tetravalent A trivalent verb takes four arguments
VB SYN verbal phrase Verbal-bar phrase
VC SYN complement of a verb A phrasal or clausal category which is selected by the head of a phrase.
VER POS verb Member of the syntactic class of words that typically signal events and actions; constitute, singly or in a phrase, a minimal predicate in a clause; govern the number and types of other constituents which may occur in the clause, and in inflectional languages, may be inflected. buy
VLT MOD volitive modality Volitive modality is a deontic modality that expresses the speaker’s attitude of hope, wish, or fear concerning the proposition expressed by the utterance.
VOC CAS vocative A case that marks a noun whose referent is being addressed.
VOI VOI voice The voice of a verb describes the relationship between the action that the verb expresses and the participants identified by its arguments .
VP SYN verbal phrase Verbal-bar-bar phrase
VS SYN specifier of a verb
WEA SEM weather Verbs of raining, snowing, thawing, thundering
WRD LEX regular word A single-stem free morpheme
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