Syntactic relations

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'''Syntactic roles''' are the roles that constituents play inside a syntactic structure. The UNL<sup>arium</sup> framework follows the [[X-bar|X-bar approach]] and proposes four syntactic roles:
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'''Syntactic roles''' are the roles that constituents play inside a syntactic structure. The UNL<sup>arium</sup> framework follows the [[Syntax|X-bar approach]] and proposes six main syntactic roles:
  
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*'''HEAD'''  
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*'''HEAD''' is the nucleus or the source of the whole syntactic structure, which is actually derived (or projected) out of it. In the UNL<sup>arium</sup> framework, there are 8 possible heads:
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**'''N''' = nouns and nominals
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**'''J''' = adjectives and adjectivals
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**'''V''' = full verbs and verbals
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**'''A''' = adverbs and adverbials
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**'''P''' = adpositions (prepositions, postpositions, circumpositions)
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**'''I''' = auxiliary verbs
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**'''D''' = determiners
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**'''C''' = complementizers (conjunctions)
 
*'''COMP''' (i.e., complement) is an internal argument, i.e., a word, phrase or clause which is necessary to the head to complete its meaning (e.g., objects of transitive verbs);
 
*'''COMP''' (i.e., complement) is an internal argument, i.e., a word, phrase or clause which is necessary to the head to complete its meaning (e.g., objects of transitive verbs);
 
*'''ADJT''' (i.e., adjunct) is a word, phrase or clause which modifies the head but which is not syntactically required by it (adjuncts are expected to be extranuclear, i.e., removing an adjunct would leave a grammatically well-formed sentence);
 
*'''ADJT''' (i.e., adjunct) is a word, phrase or clause which modifies the head but which is not syntactically required by it (adjuncts are expected to be extranuclear, i.e., removing an adjunct would leave a grammatically well-formed sentence);
 
*'''SPEC''' (i.e., specifier) is an external argument, i.e., a word, phrase or clause which qualifies (determines) the head;
 
*'''SPEC''' (i.e., specifier) is an external argument, i.e., a word, phrase or clause which qualifies (determines) the head;
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*'''XB''' (intermediate projection) is any of the intermediate structures projected out of the head; and
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*'''XP''' (maximal projection) is the most comprehensive structure projected out of the head.
  
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== HEAD ==
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These general roles are further specified according to the eight possible syntactic heads as follows:
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The HEAD is the nucleus or the source of the whole syntactic structure, which is actually derived (or projected) out of it.<br />
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In the UNL<sup>arium</sup> framework, there are 8 different possible heads:
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*N = nouns and nominals: personal pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, nominalizations, etc
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*V = verbs
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*J = adjectives
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*A = adverbs<ref>In the X-bar theory, differently from the UNLarium approach, adverbs are subsumed by prepositions and are not considered to be an independent lexical category.</ref>
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*P = prepositions
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*D = determiners: articles, demonstrative determiners, possessive determiners, quantifiers
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*I = auxiliary verbs
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*C = conjunctions
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== SPEC ==
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{{#tree:id=SYN|openlevels=0|root=Syntactic roles (SYN)|
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Specifiers are used to narrow the meaning intended by the head. They include:
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*adjunct (XA)
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*articles: '''the''' (book), '''a''' (book), etc.
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**adjunct to the head of an adjective phrase (JA)
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*possessive determiners: '''my''' (book), '''your''' (book), etc.
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**adjunct to the head of an adverbial phrase (AA)
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*demonstrative determiners: '''this''' (book), '''that''' (book), etc.
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**adjunct to the head of a complementizer phrase (CA)
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*quantifiers: '''no''' (answer), '''every''' (hour), etc.
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**adjunct to the head of a determiner phrase (DA)
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*intensifiers (emphasizers, amplifiers, downtoners): '''very''' (expensive), '''quite''' (well), '''nearly''' (under), etc.
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**adjunct to the head of an inflectional phrase (IA)
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**adjunct to the head of a nominal phrase (NA)
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**adjunct to the head of a prepositional phrase (PA)
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**adjunct to the head of a verbal phrase (VA)
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*complement (XC)
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**complement of the head of an adjective phrase (JC)
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**complement of the head of an adverbial phrase (AC)
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**complement of the head of a complementizer phrase (CC)
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**complement of the head of a determiner phrase (DC)
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**complement of the head of an inflectional phrase (IC)
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**complement of the head of a nominal phrase (NC)
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**complement of the head of a prepositional phrase (PC)
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**complement of the head of a verbal phrase (VC)
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*head (XH)
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**head of an adverbial phrase (AH)
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**head of an adjective phrase (JH)
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**head of a complementizer phrase (CH)
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**head of a determiner phrase (DH)
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**head of an inflectional phrase (IH)
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**head of a nominal phrase (NH)
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**head of a prepositional phrase (PH)
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**head of a verbal phrase (VH)
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*specifier (XS)
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**specifier of the head of an adjective phrase(JS)
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**specifier of the head of an adverbial phrase (AS)
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**specifier of the head of a complementizer phrase (CS)
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**specifier of the head of a determiner phrase(DS)
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**specifier of the head of an inflectional phrase (IS)
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**specifier of the head of a nominal phrase (NS)
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**specifier of the head of a prepositional phrase (PS)
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**specifier of the head of a verbal phrase (VS)
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*maximal projection (XP)
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**adjective phrase (JP)
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**adverbial phrase (AP)
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**complementizer phrase (CP)
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**determiner phrase (DP)
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**inflectional phrase (IP)
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**nominal phrase (NP)
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**prepositional phrase (PP)
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**verbal phrase (VP)
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*intermediate projection (XB)
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**adverbial phrase (AB)
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**adjective phrase (JB)
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**complementizer phrase (CB)
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**determiner phrase (DB)
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**inflectional phrase (IB)
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**nominal phrase (NB)
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**prepositional phrase (PB)
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**verbal phrase (VB)
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*trace (TRACE)
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}}
  
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== COMP ==
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= Examples =
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Complements are used to complete the meaning intended by the head. They may be:
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*complement of the head of an adverbial phrase (AC): contrarily [to popular belief]
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*direct objects: (do) '''something''', (give) '''something'''
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*specifier of the head of an adverbial phrase (AS): [nearly] always
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*indirect objects: (laugh at) '''something''', (give to) '''someone'''
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*complement of the head of a complementizer phrase (CC): if [John comes]
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*complement of deverbals (i.e., nouns deriving from verbs): (construction of) '''the city''', (arrival of) '''Peter'''
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*specifier of the head of a complementizer phrase (CS): [even] if
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*complement of adjectives: (loyal) '''to the queen''', (interested) '''in Chemistry'''
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*specifier of the head of a determiner phrase(DS): [almost] every
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*complement of adverbs: (contrarily) '''to popular belief''', (independently) '''from her'''
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*complement of the head of an inflectional phrase (IC): will [kiss Peter]
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*complement of prepositions: (under) '''the table''', (after) '''today'''
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*specifier of the head of an inflectional phrase (IS): [Mary] will (kiss Peter)
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*complement of conjunctions: (and) '''Peter''', (I don't know if) '''he'll come'''
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*adjunct to the head of an adjective phrase (JA): beautiful [to see]
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*complement of the head of an adjective phrase (JC): loyal [to the queen]
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*specifier of the head of an adjective phrase(JS): [very] loyal
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*adjunct to the head of a nominal phrase (NA): [beautiful] table
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*complement of the head of a nominal phrase (NC): construction [of Babel]
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*specifier of the head of a nominal phrase (NS): [the] construction
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*complement of the head of a prepositional phrase (PC): under [the table]
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*specifier of the head of a prepositional phrase (PS): [right] under
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*adjunct to the head of a verbal phrase (VA): loved [desperately]
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*complement of the head of a verbal phrase (VC): loved [Mary]
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*specifier of the head of a verbal phrase (VS): [never] loved
  
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== ADJT ==
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= Further information =
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Adjuncts are used to modify the meaning intended by the head:
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For further information on the syntax approach of the UNL<sup>arium</sup> refer to [[X-bar]].
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*adjectives: '''beautiful''' (table)
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*adverbs: (speak) '''slowly'''
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*prepositional phrases: (table) '''of wood'''
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== Examples ==
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Consider, for instance, the examples below:
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;Verbal Phrase (VP)
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<blockquote>''Peter gave a new book to Mary yesterday in the school.''</blockquote>
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:*"gave" is the HEAD (nucleus) of the whole VP (because the whole structure is derived from "gave")
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:*"a new book" and "to Mary" are COMP (complements) of "gave" (because they are necessary to complete the meaning of "gave")<ref>The sentences "*Peter gave to Mary yesterday in the school" (i.e., without "a new book") and "*Peter gave a new book yesterday in the school" (without "to Mary") will not be well-formed in the sense that something would be missing.</ref>
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:*"yesterday" and "in the school" are ADJT (adjuncts) of "gave" (because, although relevant, they are not necessary to complete the meaning of "gave")<ref>The sentence "Peter gave a new book to Mary", although less informative, would be still well-formed.</ref>
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:*"Peter" is the SPEC (specifier) of "gave" (because it is the subject of "gave")
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;Nominal Phrase (NP)
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<blockquote>''a new book''</blockquote>
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:*"book" is the HEAD (nucleus) of the whole NP (because the whole structure is derived from "book")
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:*"new" is an ADJT (adjunct) to "book" (because it is not necessary to complete the meaning of "book")<ref>The phrase "a book" would be still meaningful.</ref>
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:*"a" is the SPEC (specifier) of "book" (because it determines the reference of "book")
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<blockquote>''the construction of Babel''</blockquote>
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:*"construction" is the HEAD (nucleus) of the whole NP (because the whole structure is derived from "construction")
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:*"of Babel" is a COMP (complement) of "construction" (because it is necessary to complete the meaning of "construction")<ref>The absence of the complement, in certain cases, does not mean that it does not exist. Sentences like "The construction failed" only makes sense when the complement of "construction", although elliptical, is known (from the context, for instance).</ref>
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:*"the" is the SPEC (specifier) of "book" (because it determines the reference of "book")
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;Adjective Phrase (JP)
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<blockquote>''very beautiful''</blockquote>
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:*"beautiful" is the HEAD (nucleus) of the whole JP (because the whole structure is derived from "beautiful")
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:*"very" is the SPEC (specifier) of "beautiful" (because it intensifies the meaning of "beautiful")
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<blockquote>''loyal to the King''</blockquote>
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:*"loyal" is the HEAD (nucleus) of the whole JP (because the whole structure is derived from "loyal")
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:*"to the King" is a COMP (complement) of "loyal" (because it is necessary to complete the meaning of "loyal")<ref>The absence of the complement, in certain cases, does not mean that it does not exist. Sentences like "He is loyal" only makes sense when the complement of "loyal", although elliptical, is known (from the context, for instance).</ref>
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;Adverbial Phrase (AP)
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<blockquote>''very sadly''</blockquote>
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:*"sadly" is the HEAD (nucleus) of the whole AP (because the whole structure is derived from "sadly")
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:*"very" is the SPEC (specifier) of "beautiful" (because it intensifies the meaning of "sadly")
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<blockquote>''contrarily to popular belief''</blockquote>
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:*"contrarily" is the HEAD (nucleus) of the whole AP (because the whole structure is derived from "contrarily")
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:*"to popular belief" is a COMP (complement) of "contrarily" (because it is necessary to complete the meaning of "contrarily")
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== Notes ==
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<references />
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Latest revision as of 21:21, 16 August 2013

Syntactic roles are the roles that constituents play inside a syntactic structure. The UNLarium framework follows the X-bar approach and proposes six main syntactic roles:

  • HEAD is the nucleus or the source of the whole syntactic structure, which is actually derived (or projected) out of it. In the UNLarium framework, there are 8 possible heads:
    • N = nouns and nominals
    • J = adjectives and adjectivals
    • V = full verbs and verbals
    • A = adverbs and adverbials
    • P = adpositions (prepositions, postpositions, circumpositions)
    • I = auxiliary verbs
    • D = determiners
    • C = complementizers (conjunctions)
  • COMP (i.e., complement) is an internal argument, i.e., a word, phrase or clause which is necessary to the head to complete its meaning (e.g., objects of transitive verbs);
  • ADJT (i.e., adjunct) is a word, phrase or clause which modifies the head but which is not syntactically required by it (adjuncts are expected to be extranuclear, i.e., removing an adjunct would leave a grammatically well-formed sentence);
  • SPEC (i.e., specifier) is an external argument, i.e., a word, phrase or clause which qualifies (determines) the head;
  • XB (intermediate projection) is any of the intermediate structures projected out of the head; and
  • XP (maximal projection) is the most comprehensive structure projected out of the head.

These general roles are further specified according to the eight possible syntactic heads as follows:

Examples

  • complement of the head of an adverbial phrase (AC): contrarily [to popular belief]
  • specifier of the head of an adverbial phrase (AS): [nearly] always
  • complement of the head of a complementizer phrase (CC): if [John comes]
  • specifier of the head of a complementizer phrase (CS): [even] if
  • specifier of the head of a determiner phrase(DS): [almost] every
  • complement of the head of an inflectional phrase (IC): will [kiss Peter]
  • specifier of the head of an inflectional phrase (IS): [Mary] will (kiss Peter)
  • adjunct to the head of an adjective phrase (JA): beautiful [to see]
  • complement of the head of an adjective phrase (JC): loyal [to the queen]
  • specifier of the head of an adjective phrase(JS): [very] loyal
  • adjunct to the head of a nominal phrase (NA): [beautiful] table
  • complement of the head of a nominal phrase (NC): construction [of Babel]
  • specifier of the head of a nominal phrase (NS): [the] construction
  • complement of the head of a prepositional phrase (PC): under [the table]
  • specifier of the head of a prepositional phrase (PS): [right] under
  • adjunct to the head of a verbal phrase (VA): loved [desperately]
  • complement of the head of a verbal phrase (VC): loved [Mary]
  • specifier of the head of a verbal phrase (VS): [never] loved

Further information

For further information on the syntax approach of the UNLarium refer to X-bar.

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