Syntactic relations
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*'''ADJT''' (i.e., adjunct) is a word, phrase or clause which modifies the head but which is not syntactically required by it (adjuncts are expected to be extranuclear, i.e., removing an adjunct would leave a grammatically well-formed sentence); | *'''ADJT''' (i.e., adjunct) is a word, phrase or clause which modifies the head but which is not syntactically required by it (adjuncts are expected to be extranuclear, i.e., removing an adjunct would leave a grammatically well-formed sentence); | ||
*'''SPEC''' (i.e., specifier) is an external argument, i.e., a word, phrase or clause which qualifies (determines) the head; | *'''SPEC''' (i.e., specifier) is an external argument, i.e., a word, phrase or clause which qualifies (determines) the head; | ||
| − | *'''XB''' ( | + | *'''XB''' (intermediate projection) is any of the intermediate structures projected out of the head; and |
*'''XP''' (maximal projection) is the most comprehensive structure projected out of the head. | *'''XP''' (maximal projection) is the most comprehensive structure projected out of the head. | ||
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{{#tree:id=SYN|openlevels=0|root=Syntactic roles (SYN)| | {{#tree:id=SYN|openlevels=0|root=Syntactic roles (SYN)| | ||
| − | *adjunct ( | + | *adjunct (XA) |
**adjunct to the head of an adjective phrase (JA) | **adjunct to the head of an adjective phrase (JA) | ||
**adjunct to the head of an adverbial phrase (AA) | **adjunct to the head of an adverbial phrase (AA) | ||
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**adjunct to the head of a prepositional phrase (PA) | **adjunct to the head of a prepositional phrase (PA) | ||
**adjunct to the head of a verbal phrase (VA) | **adjunct to the head of a verbal phrase (VA) | ||
| − | *complement ( | + | *complement (XC) |
**complement of the head of an adjective phrase (JC) | **complement of the head of an adjective phrase (JC) | ||
**complement of the head of an adverbial phrase (AC) | **complement of the head of an adverbial phrase (AC) | ||
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**complement of the head of a prepositional phrase (PC) | **complement of the head of a prepositional phrase (PC) | ||
**complement of the head of a verbal phrase (VC) | **complement of the head of a verbal phrase (VC) | ||
| − | *head ( | + | *head (XH) |
**head of an adverbial phrase (AH) | **head of an adverbial phrase (AH) | ||
**head of an adjective phrase (JH) | **head of an adjective phrase (JH) | ||
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**head of a prepositional phrase (PH) | **head of a prepositional phrase (PH) | ||
**head of a verbal phrase (VH) | **head of a verbal phrase (VH) | ||
| − | *specifier ( | + | *specifier (XS) |
**specifier of the head of an adjective phrase(JS) | **specifier of the head of an adjective phrase(JS) | ||
**specifier of the head of an adverbial phrase (AS) | **specifier of the head of an adverbial phrase (AS) | ||
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**prepositional phrase (PB) | **prepositional phrase (PB) | ||
**verbal phrase (VB) | **verbal phrase (VB) | ||
| + | *trace (TRACE) | ||
}} | }} | ||
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= Further information = | = Further information = | ||
| − | For further information on the syntax approach of the UNL<sup>arium</sup> refer to [[ | + | For further information on the syntax approach of the UNL<sup>arium</sup> refer to [[X-bar]]. |
Latest revision as of 21:21, 16 August 2013
Syntactic roles are the roles that constituents play inside a syntactic structure. The UNLarium framework follows the X-bar approach and proposes six main syntactic roles:
- HEAD is the nucleus or the source of the whole syntactic structure, which is actually derived (or projected) out of it. In the UNLarium framework, there are 8 possible heads:
- N = nouns and nominals
- J = adjectives and adjectivals
- V = full verbs and verbals
- A = adverbs and adverbials
- P = adpositions (prepositions, postpositions, circumpositions)
- I = auxiliary verbs
- D = determiners
- C = complementizers (conjunctions)
- COMP (i.e., complement) is an internal argument, i.e., a word, phrase or clause which is necessary to the head to complete its meaning (e.g., objects of transitive verbs);
- ADJT (i.e., adjunct) is a word, phrase or clause which modifies the head but which is not syntactically required by it (adjuncts are expected to be extranuclear, i.e., removing an adjunct would leave a grammatically well-formed sentence);
- SPEC (i.e., specifier) is an external argument, i.e., a word, phrase or clause which qualifies (determines) the head;
- XB (intermediate projection) is any of the intermediate structures projected out of the head; and
- XP (maximal projection) is the most comprehensive structure projected out of the head.
These general roles are further specified according to the eight possible syntactic heads as follows:
Examples
- complement of the head of an adverbial phrase (AC): contrarily [to popular belief]
- specifier of the head of an adverbial phrase (AS): [nearly] always
- complement of the head of a complementizer phrase (CC): if [John comes]
- specifier of the head of a complementizer phrase (CS): [even] if
- specifier of the head of a determiner phrase(DS): [almost] every
- complement of the head of an inflectional phrase (IC): will [kiss Peter]
- specifier of the head of an inflectional phrase (IS): [Mary] will (kiss Peter)
- adjunct to the head of an adjective phrase (JA): beautiful [to see]
- complement of the head of an adjective phrase (JC): loyal [to the queen]
- specifier of the head of an adjective phrase(JS): [very] loyal
- adjunct to the head of a nominal phrase (NA): [beautiful] table
- complement of the head of a nominal phrase (NC): construction [of Babel]
- specifier of the head of a nominal phrase (NS): [the] construction
- complement of the head of a prepositional phrase (PC): under [the table]
- specifier of the head of a prepositional phrase (PS): [right] under
- adjunct to the head of a verbal phrase (VA): loved [desperately]
- complement of the head of a verbal phrase (VC): loved [Mary]
- specifier of the head of a verbal phrase (VS): [never] loved
Further information
For further information on the syntax approach of the UNLarium refer to X-bar.
