S-rule
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*[[subcategorization]], i.e., defining the number and the type of arguments of a given [[base form]]; | *[[subcategorization]], i.e., defining the number and the type of arguments of a given [[base form]]; | ||
*[[case marking]], i.e., defining the grammatical cases of the arguments of a given [[base form]]; | *[[case marking]], i.e., defining the grammatical cases of the arguments of a given [[base form]]; | ||
| − | *[[agreement]], i.e., concord between different parts of phrase; | + | *[[agreement]], i.e., concord between different parts of a phrase; |
*[[distribution]], i.e., defining the precedence of word forms; | *[[distribution]], i.e., defining the precedence of word forms; | ||
| − | *[[adjacency]], i.e., defining the distance | + | *[[adjacency]], i.e., defining the distance between syntactic branches; and |
*[[projection]], i.e., projecting syntactic structures out of the constituents. | *[[projection]], i.e., projecting syntactic structures out of the constituents. | ||
Revision as of 08:50, 26 March 2010
S-rule (syntactic rule) is the formalism used for describing syntactic structures and syntactic operations in the UNLarium framework.
Contents |
When to use S-rules
S-rules are used for:
- composition, i.e., creating compounds out of the base forms (such as "take">"take into account");
- periphrasis, i.e., generating analytic grammatical structures, such as in ("love">"will love")
- subcategorization, i.e., defining the number and the type of arguments of a given base form;
- case marking, i.e., defining the grammatical cases of the arguments of a given base form;
- agreement, i.e., concord between different parts of a phrase;
- distribution, i.e., defining the precedence of word forms;
- adjacency, i.e., defining the distance between syntactic branches; and
- projection, i.e., projecting syntactic structures out of the constituents.
When not to use S-rules
S-rules are not used for for affixation (prefixation, infixation, suffixation) or spelling changes, which must be addressed by A-rules and Ph-rules, respectively.
Types of S-rules
There are four types of S-rules:
- Head extension extends a given head.
- Specification creates a specifier (determiner) to the head;
- Complementation creates a complement (object) to the head; and
- Adjunction creates an adjunct (modifier) to the head.
For further information on the constituents "head", "specifier", "complement" and "adjunct", see Syntax.
Syntax
S-rules comply with the following syntax:
CONDITION := RELATION(HEAD; ARGUMENT);
Where
- CONDITION (optional) is a tag or list of tags, extracted from the UNDLF Tagset, that indicates when the rule should be applied. It may also be a relation or a list of relations in case of projection rules. The condition must be omitted in case of general rules (i.e., when the rule is always applied).
- RELATION is the syntactic relation, extracted from the syntactic roles, between the head and its argument. An S-rule may comprise several different relations.
- HEAD (optional) is the head of the syntactic structure, which is to be omitted when does not undergo any change;
- ARGUMENT (optional in case of head-only relations) is the argument (the specifier, the complement or the adjunct) of the head.
The HEAD and the ARGUMENT may be expressed as:
- a "string" (strings must come between parentheses);
- a [lemma] (lemmas must come between square brackets);
- a feature or a set of features, separated by comma, and extracted from the the UNDLF Tagset;
- a direction (">",">>","<","<<");
- an index between the left and the right side of the rule (to be specified by the syntax %name);
- an action, to be performed through an A-rule; and
- a syntactic relation itself.
Examples
Examples of S-rules:
- composition
- VA("into account"); (add the string "into account" as the adjunct of the verb)
- subcategorization
- VC(PH("in")); (the complement of the verb is a prepositional phrase headed by the preposition "in")
- agreement
- VS(ANUM,APER); (the specifier of the verb assigns number (ANUM) and person (APER) to its head
- case marking
- VS(NOM); (the specifier of the verb receives the case nominative (NOM)
- distribution
- VA(>>); (the adjunct of the verb comes at the right side of the verb after a blank space)
- adjacency
- VA(AJ2); (the adjunct of the verb integrates the second projection of the head)
- projection
- VS(%head;%spec)VB(%head;%comp):=VP(VB(%head;%comp);%spec); (integrate the two relations on the left side into a single relation)
Formal Syntax
S-rules comply with the following formal syntax:
<S-RULE> ::= <CONDITION> ":=" (<SYNTACTIC RELATION>)+";"
<CONDITION> ::= <TAG>(","<TAG>)* | (<SYNTACTIC RELATION>)*
<SYNTACTIC RELATION> ::= <HEAD-DRIVEN RELATION> "(" (<NODE>";")? <NODE> ")"
<HEAD-DRIVEN RELATION> ::= {one of the head-driven syntactic relations defined in the UNDLF Tagset}
<NODE> ::= <FEATURE>(","<FEATURE>)*
<FEATURE> ::= <ID>|<TAG>|"""<STRING>"""|"["<STRING>"]"|<DIRECTION>|<SYNTACTIC RELATION>|<ACTION>
<ID> ::= "%"[a-zA-Z_0-9]+
<TAG> ::= {one of the tags defined in the UNDLF Tagset}
<STRING> ::= [a..Z]+
<DIRECTION> ::= ">"|">>"|"<"|"<<"
<ACTION> ::= <PREFIXATION> | <SUFFIXATION> | <INFIXATION> | <REPLACEMENT> (cf. A-rule)
where
<a> = a is a non-terminal symbol
"a" = a is a constant
a | b = a or b
(a)? = a can be repeated 0 or one time
(a)* = a can be repeated 0 or more times
(a)+ = a can be repeated 1 or more times
