How to create inflectional paradigms
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| − | [[Inflectional paradigms]] are sets of rules that are used to generate inflections | + | [[Inflectional paradigms]] are sets of rules that are used to generate inflections out of the base forms. In the dictionary, we store only the base forms (e.g., "book" and "explain"); the inflections ("book/books", "explain/explains/explained/explaining" are generated through rules. These rules are of the [[A-rule]] (affixation rules) type. |
Before starting, consider the following: | Before starting, consider the following: | ||
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;Do not create paradigms for a single word. | ;Do not create paradigms for a single word. | ||
:Paradigms are used to describe the behavior of several words. If the behavior is irregular, i.e., it is restricted only to a single word, it should be described as an [[inflectional rule]] instead of an inflectional paradigm. For instance, the plural of the English word "foot" is better generated by an inflectional rule rather than by an inflectional paradigm. Inflectional rules are not included in the grammar. They are added directly to the dictionary entry, in the dictionary. | :Paradigms are used to describe the behavior of several words. If the behavior is irregular, i.e., it is restricted only to a single word, it should be described as an [[inflectional rule]] instead of an inflectional paradigm. For instance, the plural of the English word "foot" is better generated by an inflectional rule rather than by an inflectional paradigm. Inflectional rules are not included in the grammar. They are added directly to the dictionary entry, in the dictionary. | ||
| + | ;Do not include compound forms in your paradigm. | ||
| + | :Paradigms must deal only with simple forms, i.e., forms that can be generated by prefixation, infixation or suffixation. In many cases, inflections are also generated by adding auxiliary or supporting words. These compound forms must not be included inside the paradigm, but should be handled by the grammar. For instance, in English, the simple present ("explain">"explain"/"explains") is defined inside the paradigm, but the present progressive and the future are not ("explain">"is explaining", "explain">"will explain") because they cannot be formed through suffixation. They require more complex structures and should be not treated as simple string manipulations (note that the negation, for instance, comes between the auxiliary and the main verb: "is NOT explaining", "will NOT explain", and this prevents the possiblity of treating "will explain" as a single string formed out of "explain" through the prefixation of "will "). | ||
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In order to create inflectional paradigms, follow the steps below: | In order to create inflectional paradigms, follow the steps below: | ||
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#:The inflectional categories describe the differences between the possible forms of the same [[lemma]]. Compare the examples below for the nouns, adjectives and verbs in English, French and Latin. | #:The inflectional categories describe the differences between the possible forms of the same [[lemma]]. Compare the examples below for the nouns, adjectives and verbs in English, French and Latin. | ||
| − | { | + | {| |
| − | + | !language | |
| + | !category | ||
| + | !base form | ||
| + | !word forms | ||
| + | !categories | ||
| + | !rules | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |English | ||
| + | |noun | ||
| + | |book | ||
| + | |book,books | ||
| + | |SNG,PLR | ||
| + | |SNG:=0>"";PLR:=0>"s"; | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |French | ||
| + | |noun | ||
| + | |livre | ||
| + | |livre,livres | ||
| + | |SNG,PLR | ||
| + | |SNG:=0>"";PLR:=0>"s"; | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | |French | ||
| + | |noun | ||
| + | |ami (=friend) | ||
| + | |ami,amis,amie,amies | ||
| + | |MCL&SNG,MCL&PLR,FEM&SNG,FEM&PLR | ||
| + | |MCL&SNG:=0>"";MCL&PLR:=0>"s";FEM&SNG:=0>"e";FEM&PLR:=0>"es"; | ||
| + | |} | ||
Revision as of 20:28, 20 February 2013
Inflectional paradigms are sets of rules that are used to generate inflections out of the base forms. In the dictionary, we store only the base forms (e.g., "book" and "explain"); the inflections ("book/books", "explain/explains/explained/explaining" are generated through rules. These rules are of the A-rule (affixation rules) type.
Before starting, consider the following:
- Do not duplicate paradigms.
- Before creating a paradigm, check whether it is really necessary, i.e., whether there is no existing paradigm that may be used in order to generate the intended inflections.
- Do not create paradigms for a single word.
- Paradigms are used to describe the behavior of several words. If the behavior is irregular, i.e., it is restricted only to a single word, it should be described as an inflectional rule instead of an inflectional paradigm. For instance, the plural of the English word "foot" is better generated by an inflectional rule rather than by an inflectional paradigm. Inflectional rules are not included in the grammar. They are added directly to the dictionary entry, in the dictionary.
- Do not include compound forms in your paradigm.
- Paradigms must deal only with simple forms, i.e., forms that can be generated by prefixation, infixation or suffixation. In many cases, inflections are also generated by adding auxiliary or supporting words. These compound forms must not be included inside the paradigm, but should be handled by the grammar. For instance, in English, the simple present ("explain">"explain"/"explains") is defined inside the paradigm, but the present progressive and the future are not ("explain">"is explaining", "explain">"will explain") because they cannot be formed through suffixation. They require more complex structures and should be not treated as simple string manipulations (note that the negation, for instance, comes between the auxiliary and the main verb: "is NOT explaining", "will NOT explain", and this prevents the possiblity of treating "will explain" as a single string formed out of "explain" through the prefixation of "will ").
In order to create inflectional paradigms, follow the steps below:
- Determine the inflectional categories for the part-of-speech.
- The inflectional categories describe the differences between the possible forms of the same lemma. Compare the examples below for the nouns, adjectives and verbs in English, French and Latin.
| language | category | base form | word forms | categories | rules |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | noun | book | book,books | SNG,PLR | SNG:=0>"";PLR:=0>"s"; |
| French | noun | livre | livre,livres | SNG,PLR | SNG:=0>"";PLR:=0>"s"; |
| French | noun | ami (=friend) | ami,amis,amie,amies | MCL&SNG,MCL&PLR,FEM&SNG,FEM&PLR | MCL&SNG:=0>"";MCL&PLR:=0>"s";FEM&SNG:=0>"e";FEM&PLR:=0>"es"; |
In English, the lemma "book" may be realized as "book" (SNG) and "books" (PLR). Thus, the inflectional categories for this word is SNG and PLR. In French, the lemma "livre" may be realized as "livre" (SNG) and "livres" (PLR). Thus, the inf
- In English, nouns are inflected only in number (SNG and PLR); in French, nouns are inflected in number (SNG, PLR) and in gender (MCL, FEM); in Latin, nouns are inflected in number (SNG, PLR), in gender (MCL, NEU, FEM) and in case (
