C-rule
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*give up the gost = VH(A0,[up])VC(A1,"the ghost"); (<strike>VH("up the ghost")</strike> or <strike>VC("up the ghost")</strike>) | *give up the gost = VH(A0,[up])VC(A1,"the ghost"); (<strike>VH("up the ghost")</strike> or <strike>VC("up the ghost")</strike>) | ||
;In complex compounds, order is to be represented by the features ">", ">>", "<" or "<<", if not default; | ;In complex compounds, order is to be represented by the features ">", ">>", "<" or "<<", if not default; | ||
| − | *VC([love]); (order must not be informed, because complements come at the right side, by default, in English) | + | *VC([love]); (order must not be informed, because complements come at the right side, by default, in English, so ''make'' > ''make love'') |
| − | *NS([the]); (order must not be informed, because specifiers come at the left side, by default, in English) | + | *NS([the]); (order must not be informed, because specifiers come at the left side, by default, in English, so ''Netherlands'' > ''the Netherlands'') |
| − | *NA(>>,"in arms"); (order must be informed, because nominal adjuncts come at the left side, by default) | + | *NA(>>,"in arms"); (order must be informed, because nominal adjuncts come at the left side, by default, as in ''table'' > ''new table'') |
;In complex compounds, adjacency is to be represented by the [[Distribution|adjacency features]] (A0, A1, ...), if inflexible: | ;In complex compounds, adjacency is to be represented by the [[Distribution|adjacency features]] (A0, A1, ...), if inflexible: | ||
*give up the ghost = VH(A0,[up])VC(A1,"the ghost"); (adjacency must be informed because <strike>give the ghost up</strike>) | *give up the ghost = VH(A0,[up])VC(A1,"the ghost"); (adjacency must be informed because <strike>give the ghost up</strike>) | ||
Revision as of 15:33, 23 March 2010
Compounding or composition is the word-formation process of creating compounds by combining or putting together lexemes.
Contents |
Expressing compounds in the UNLarium
In the UNLarium framework, compounds are treated as ordinary simple words except in case of discontinuous multi-word expressions or with infixation (such as "give in" or "take into account"). In these cases, the lemma is different from the base form, and the compound-formation process is expected to be defined through S-rules such as the following:
<SYNTACTIC ROLE>(<ADDED>);
Where:
<SYNTACTIC ROLE> is the syntactic role (VA, VC, VS, VH, etc) of the term to be added to the base form; and
<ADDED> is the term to be added to the base form to form the compound. It can be a string between "quotes" or a lemma between [brackets]
Examples
| Lemma | Base Form | Compound | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| give in | give | VH([in]) | the lemma "in" is to be added to the base form as part of the head of the verb (VH) |
| take into account | take | VA("into account") | the string "into account" is to be added to the base form as an adjunct to the verb (VA) |
| throw <person> to the lions | throw | VA("to the lions")VC(NP) | the string "to the lions" is to be added to the base form as an adjunct to the verb (VA) and a noun phrase (NP) is to be added as a complement to the verb (VC) |
Observations
- Phrasal verbs
- Particles of phrasal verbs must be represented as part of the head, if non separable, or as adjuncts, if separable:
- give in = VH([in]); ("give in something" but
"give something in") - give back = VA([back]); ("give back something" or "give something back")
- Strings and lemmas
- In the compound-formation process, the UNLarium distinguishes between strings (to be represented between "") and lemmas (to be represented between [ ]). The difference between strings and lemmas has to do with the dictionary status. Lemmas, but not strings, are expected to be defined as dictionary entries:
- VA("into account"); (add the string "into account" as a verbal adjunct, take > take into account)
- VC([love]); (add the lemma "love" as a verbal complement, such as in make > make love)
In the above, it's unlikely to have "into account" as a single entry, whereas "love" is probably already there.
- Complex compounds
- Compounds must include as many terms as different syntactic roles:
- give up the gost = VH(A0,[up])VC(A1,"the ghost"); (
VH("up the ghost")orVC("up the ghost"))
- In complex compounds, order is to be represented by the features ">", ">>", "<" or "<<", if not default;
- VC([love]); (order must not be informed, because complements come at the right side, by default, in English, so make > make love)
- NS([the]); (order must not be informed, because specifiers come at the left side, by default, in English, so Netherlands > the Netherlands)
- NA(>>,"in arms"); (order must be informed, because nominal adjuncts come at the left side, by default, as in table > new table)
- In complex compounds, adjacency is to be represented by the adjacency features (A0, A1, ...), if inflexible
- give up the ghost = VH(A0,[up])VC(A1,"the ghost"); (adjacency must be informed because
give the ghost up) - take something into account = VA("into account")VC(NP); (adjacency must not be informed because both "take sth into account" and "take into account sth" are possible)
Syntax
Compounds may be explicitly expressed by S-rules, a formalism for describing the syntactic structure of phrases.
