Universal Attributes

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'''Attributes''' are arcs linking a node to itself. In opposition to [[relations]], they correspond to one-place predicates, i.e., functions that take a single argument. In UNL, attributes have been normally used to represent information conveyed by natural language grammatical categories (such as tense, mood, aspect, number, etc). The set of attributes, which is claimed to be universal, is defined in the [[Specs|UNL Specs]] and is not open to frequent additions.
+
'''Universal Attributes''' are arcs linking a node to itself. In opposition to [[Universal Relations]], they correspond to one-place predicates, i.e., functions that take a single argument. In UNL, attributes have been normally used to represent information conveyed by natural language grammatical categories (such as tense, mood, aspect, number, etc). The set of attributes, which is claimed to be universal, is defined in the [[Specs|UNL Specs]] and is not open to frequent additions.
  
 
== Syntax ==
 
== Syntax ==
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The syntax of attributes is defined as follows:
 
The syntax of attributes is defined as follows:
  
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{|
+
<nowiki><attribute>     ::= "@"<attribute name></nowiki>
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|<attribute>
+
<nowiki><attribute name> ::= <character>+</nowiki>
−
|::=
+
<nowiki><character>     ::= {“a”,...,“z”,“_”}</nowiki>
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|"@"<attribute name>
+
−
|-
+
−
|<attribute name>
+
−
|::=
+
−
|<character>...
+
−
|-
+
−
|<character>
+
−
|::=
+
−
|{“a”,...,“z”,“_”}
+
−
|}
+
  
 
where:<br />
 
where:<br />
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<nowiki>::=</nowiki>... is defined as ...<br />
 
<nowiki>::=</nowiki>... is defined as ...<br />
 
{ } disjunction ("or")<br />
 
{ } disjunction ("or")<br />
 +
<nowiki>+</nowiki>      to be used one or more times<br />
 
... to be repeated more than 0 times<br />
 
... to be repeated more than 0 times<br />
  
−
Attribute names are always lower case words or expressions. Normally, English words ("past", "will") or mnemonic abbreviations ("def", "pl") are used for attribute labelling. No blank space is allowed inside an attribute name ('@double_quote').  
+
Attribute names are always lower case words or expressions. Normally, English words ("past", "will") or mnemonic abbreviations ("def", "pl") are used for attribute labelling. No blank space is allowed inside an attribute name.
−
+
 
 
== Semantics ==
 
== Semantics ==
  
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Attributes may convey three different kinds of information:  
 
Attributes may convey three different kinds of information:  
 
*The information on the role of the node in the UNL graph (as in the case for '@entry', that indicates the main (starting) node of a UNL directed graph);
 
*The information on the role of the node in the UNL graph (as in the case for '@entry', that indicates the main (starting) node of a UNL directed graph);
−
*The information on the original co-text (i.e., the textual neighborhoods) from which the node was extracted (as in the case of '@parenthesis', that indicates that the node was originally represented between parentheses); and  
+
*The information conveyed by bound morphemes and closed classes, such as affixes (gender, number, tense, aspect, mood, voice, etc), determiners (articles and demonstratives), adpositions (prepositions, postpositions and circumpositions), conjunctions, auxiliary and quasi-auxiliary verbs (auxiliaries, modals, coverbs, preverbs) and degree adverbs (specifiers).
−
*The information on the (external) context of the utterance (as in the case of '@past', that indicates that the node was used in a time before the speaker's one). In that sense, attributes include phenomena associated to the idea of "deixis".
+
*The information on the (external) context of the utterance, i.e., non-verbal elements of communication, such as prosody, sentence and text structure, politeness, schemes, social deixis and speech acts.
  
 
== Set of attributes ==
 
== Set of attributes ==
  
−
The set of attributes of the current Specification (2005) is presented below in alphabetical order.
+
[http://www.unlweb.net/unlarium/dictionary/export_attributes.php List of attributes in alphabetical order]
  
−
<div align="center">
+
{{#tree:id=tagset|openlevels=0|root=att|
−
{| border="1"
+
*[[animacy]] (ANIA)
−
|+
+
**@person
−
=== Set of Attributes ===
+
**@thing
−
! Attribute
+
*[[aspect]] (ASPA)
−
! Definition
+
**@causative: causative
−
|-
+
**@continuative: continuous
−
| [[@ability]]
+
**@experiential: experience
−
| Ability, capability of doing something
+
**@habitual: habitual
−
|-
+
**@imperfective: uncompleted
−
| [[@admire]]
+
**@inceptive: beginning
−
| Admiring feeling of the speaker about something
+
**@inchoative: change of state
−
|-
+
**@iterative: repetition
−
| [[@affirmative]]
+
**@perfect: perfect
−
| Affirmation
+
**@perfective: completed
−
|-
+
**@permissive: permissive
−
| [[@although]]
+
**@persistent: persistent
−
| Something follows against [contrary to] or beyond expectation
+
**@progressive: ongoing
−
|-
+
**@prospective: imminent
−
| [[@angle_bracket]]
+
**@result: result
−
| < > are used
+
**@terminative: cessation
−
|-
+
*[[degree]] (DEGA)
−
| [[@begin]]
+
**@almost: approximative
−
| beginning of an event or a state
+
**@also: repetitive
−
|-
+
**positive
−
| [[@blame]]
+
***@again: iterative
−
| Blameful feeling of the speaker about something
+
***@emphasis: emphasis
−
|-
+
***@enough: sufficiently (enough)
−
| [[@brace]]
+
***@extra: excessively (too)
−
| { } are used
+
***@minus: downtoned (a little)
−
|-
+
***@plus: intensified (very)
−
| [[@certain]]
+
**comparative
−
| Certainty that something is true or happens
+
***@more: comparative of superiority
−
|-
+
***@less: comparative of inferiority
−
| [[@complete]]
+
***@equal: comparative of equality
−
| finishing/completion of a (whole) event
+
**superlative
−
|-
+
***@most: superlative of superiority
−
| [[@conclusion]]
+
***@least: superlative of inferiority
−
| Logical conclusion due to a certain condition
+
*[[emotion]]s (FEEL)
−
|-
+
**@anger
−
| [[@confirmation]]
+
**@attention
−
| Confirmation
+
**@consent
−
|-
+
**@contentment
−
| [[@consent]]
+
**@disagreement
−
| Consent feeling of the speaker about something
+
**@discontentment
−
|-
+
**@dissent
−
| [[@consequence]]
+
**@hesitation
−
| Logical consequence
+
**@pain
−
|-
+
**@relief
−
| [[@contempt]]
+
**@surprise
−
| Contemptuous feeling of the speaker about something
+
**@weariness
−
|-
+
*[[figure of speech]] (FIGA)
−
| [[@continue]]
+
**Schemes
−
| continuation of an event
+
***@brachylogia: omission of conjunctions between a series of words
−
|-
+
***@chiasmus: reversal of grammatical structures in successive clauses
−
| [[@contrast]]
+
***@climax: arrangement of words in order of increasing importance
−
| Contrasted UW
+
***@consonance: repetition of consonant sounds without the repetition of the vowel sounds
−
|-
+
***@ellipsis: omission of words
−
| [[@custom]]
+
***@epanalepsis: repetition of the initial word or words of a clause or sentence at the end of the clause or sentence
−
| customary or repetitious action
+
***@interruption: insertion of a clause or sentence in a place where it interrupts the natural flow of the sentence
−
|-
+
***@parallelism: use of similar structures in two or more clauses
−
| [[@def]]
+
***@pleonasm: Use of superfluous or redundant words
−
| already referred
+
***@polyptoton: repetition of words derived from the same root
−
|-
+
***@polysyndeton: repetition of conjunctions
−
| [[@discontented]]
+
***@symploce: combination of anaphora and epistrophe
−
| Discontented feeling of the speaker about something
+
**Tropes
−
|-
+
***@anthropomorphism: Ascribing human characteristics to something that is not human, such as an animal or a god (see zoomorphism)
−
| [[@disjointed]]
+
***@antiphrasis: Word or words used contradictory to their usual meaning, often with irony
−
| attached to an UW or a group of UWs to show that all element concept do not hold common instance. All connected UWs do not share instances.
+
***@antonomasia: Substitution of a phrase for a proper name or vice versa
−
|-
+
***@catachresis: use an existing word to denote something that has no name in the current language
−
| [[@dissent]]
+
***@double_negative: Grammar construction that can be used as an expression and it is the repetition of negative words
−
| Dissent feeling of the speaker about something
+
***@dysphemism: Substitution of a harsher, more offensive, or more disagreeable term for another. Opposite of euphemism
−
|-
+
***@epanorthosis: Immediate and emphatic self-correction, often following a slip of the tongue
−
| [[@double_parenthesis]]
+
***@euphemism: Substitution of a less offensive or more agreeable term for another
−
| (( )) are used
+
***@hyperbole: Use of exaggerated terms for emphasis
−
|-
+
***@irony: Use of word in a way that conveys a meaning opposite to its usual meaning
−
| [[@double_quote]]
+
***@metaphor: Stating one entity is another for the purpose of comparing them in quality
−
| “ ” are used
+
***@metonymy: Substitution of a word to suggest what is really meant
−
|-
+
***@onomatopoeia: Words that sound like their meaning
−
| [[@emphasis]]
+
***@oxymoron: Using two terms together, that normally contradict each other
−
| Emphasized UW
+
***@paradox: Use of apparently contradictory ideas to point out some underlying truth
−
|-
+
***@paronomasia: A form of pun, in which words similar in sound but with different meanings are used
−
| [[@end]]
+
***@periphrasis: Using several words instead of few
−
| end/termination of an event or a state
+
***@repetition: Repeated usage of word(s)/group of words in the same sentence to create a poetic/rhythmic effect
−
|-
+
***@synecdoche: Form of metonymy, in which a part stands for the whole
−
| [[@entry]]
+
***@synesthesia: Description of one kind of sense impression by using words that normally describe another.
−
| Entry or main UW of a sentence or a scope
+
***@zoomorphism: Applying animal characteristics to humans or gods
−
|-
+
*[[gender]] (GENA)
−
| [[@exclamation]]
+
**@female
−
| Exclamation
+
**@male
−
|-
+
**@neutral
−
| [[@expectation]]
+
*[[information structure]] (ISTA)
−
| Expectation of something
+
**@comment: what is being said about the topic
−
|-
+
**@focus: information that is contrary to the presuppositions of the interlocutor
−
| [[@experience]]
+
**@topic: what is being talked about
−
| experience
+
*[[lexical category]] (LEXA)
−
|-
+
**@adjective
−
| [[@future]]
+
**@adverb
−
| will happen in future
+
**@noun
−
|-
+
**@verb
−
| [[@generic]]
+
*[[manner]] (HOW)
−
| generic concept
+
**@according_to
−
|-
+
**@against
−
| [[@get-benefit]]
+
**@although
−
| Speaker’s feeling of receiving benefits through the fact or result of something (to be) done by somebody else
+
**@and
−
|-
+
**@as
−
| [[@give-benefit]]
+
**@as.@if
−
| Speaker’s feeling of giving benefits by doing something for somebody else
+
**@as_far_as
−
|-
+
**@as_of
−
| [[@grant]]
+
**@as_per
−
| To give/get consent/permission to do something
+
**@as_regards
−
|-
+
**@as_well_as
−
| [[@grant-not]]
+
**@barring
−
| Not to give consent to do something
+
**@because
−
|-
+
**@because_of
−
| [[@humility]]
+
**@besides
−
| In a humility manner
+
**@but
−
|-
+
**@by
−
| [[@identifiable]]
+
**@by_means_of
−
| attached to an UW that can identify the subject
+
**@concerning
−
|-
+
**@despite
−
| [[@imperative]]
+
**@due_to
−
| Imperative
+
**@even.@if
−
|-
+
**@except
−
| [[@indef]]
+
**@except.@if
−
| non-specific class
+
**@except_for
−
|-
+
**@excluding
−
| [[@inevitable]]
+
**@failing
−
| Logical inevitability that something is true or happens
+
**@for
−
|-
+
**@given
−
| [[@insistence]]
+
**@if
−
| Strong determination to do something
+
**@if.@only
−
|-
+
**@in_accordance_with
−
| [[@intention]]
+
**@in_addition_to
−
| Intention about something or to do something
+
**@in_case
−
|-
+
**@in_case_of
−
| [[@interrogative]]
+
**@in_favor_of
−
| Interrogation
+
**@in_place_of
−
|-
+
**@in_spite_of
−
| [[@invitation]]
+
**@including
−
| Inducement
+
**@instead_of
−
|-
+
**@like
−
| [[@just]]
+
**@notwithstanding
−
| Expresses an event or a state that has just begun or ended/completed
+
**@off
−
|-
+
**@on_account_of
−
| [[@may]]
+
**@on_behalf_of
−
| Practical possibility that something is true or happens
+
**@or
−
|-
+
**@owing_to
−
| [[@need]]
+
**@pace
−
| Necessity to do something
+
**@per
−
|-
+
**@pursuant_to
−
| [[@not]]
+
**@qua
−
| complement set
+
**@regarding
−
|-
+
**@regardless_of
−
| [[@obligation]]
+
**@save
−
| Obligation to do something according to (quasi-) law, contract, or …
+
**@so
−
|-
+
**@than
−
| [[@obligation-not]]
+
**@thanks_to
−
| Obligation not to do something, forbid to do something according to (quasi-) law, contract or …
+
**@that_of
−
|-
+
**@unless
−
| [[@ordinal]]
+
**@unlike
−
| ordinal number
+
**@versus
−
|-
+
**@with
−
| [[@parenthesis]]
+
**@with_regard_to
−
| ( ) are used
+
**@with_relation_to
−
|-
+
**@with_respect_to
−
| [[@passive]]
+
**@without
−
| passive form
+
**@worth
−
|-
+
*[[modality]] (MODA)
−
| [[@past]]
+
**@ability
−
| happened in the past
+
**@advice
−
|-
+
**@agreement
−
| [[@pl]]
+
**@assertion
−
| more than one
+
**@assumption
−
|-
+
**@belief
−
| [[@polite]]
+
**@command
−
| polite way
+
**@conclusion
−
|-
+
**@condition
−
| [[@possible]]
+
**@confirmation
−
| Logical possibility that something is true or happens
+
**@consequence
−
|-
+
**@conviction
−
| [[@present]]
+
**@decision
−
| happening at present
+
**@deduction
−
|-
+
**@desire
−
| [[@probable]]
+
**@determination
−
| (Practical) probability that something is true or happens
+
**@doubt
−
|-
+
**@exclamation
−
| [[@progress]]
+
**@exhortation
−
| an event is in progress
+
**@expectation
−
|-
+
**@fear
−
| [[@qfocus]]
+
**@hope
−
| Focused UW of a question
+
**@hypothesis
−
|-
+
**@intention
−
| [[@rare]]
+
**@interrogation
−
| Rare logical possibility that something is true or happens
+
**@invitation
−
|-
+
**@judgement
−
| [[@regret]]
+
**@narrative
−
| Regretful feeling of the speaker about something
+
**@necessity
−
|-
+
**@obligation
−
| [[@repeat]]
+
**@opinion
−
| repetition of an event
+
**@permission
−
|-
+
**@possibility
−
| [[@request]]
+
**@prediction
−
| Request
+
**@presumption
−
|-
+
**@probability
−
| [[@respect]]
+
**@prohibition
−
| Respectful way
+
**@promise
−
|-
+
**@regret
−
| [[@should]]
+
**@request
−
| To do something as a matter of course
+
**@speculation
−
|-
+
**@suggestion
−
| [[@single_quote]]
+
**@threat
−
| ‘ ’ are used
+
**@warning
−
|-
+
*[[nominal attributes]] (NOUA)
−
| [[@soon]]
+
**@about
−
| Expresses an event or a state that is about to begin or end/completed
+
**@round
−
|-
+
**@of
−
| [[@square_bracket]]
+
*[[person]] (PERA)
−
| [ ] are used
+
**@1 (first person: speaker)
−
|-
+
**@2 (second person: addressee)
−
| [[@state]]
+
**@3 (third person)
−
| final state or the existence of the object on which an action has been taken
+
*[[place]] (WHERE)
−
|-
+
**location
−
| [[@sufficient]]
+
***@above
−
| Sufficient condition
+
***@among
−
|-
+
***@around
−
| [[@surprised]]
+
***@at
−
| Surprised feeling of the speaker about something
+
***@back
−
|-
+
***@behind
−
| [[@symmetric]]
+
***@below
−
| attached to an UW that has symmetricity
+
***@beside
−
|-
+
***@between
−
| [[@theme]]
+
***@beyond
−
| Instantiates an object from a different class
+
***@bottom
−
|-
+
***@front
−
| [[@title]]
+
***@in
−
| Title
+
***@inside
−
|-
+
***@left
−
| [[@topic]]
+
***@on
−
| Topic
+
***@opposite
−
|-
+
***@outside
−
| [[@transitive]]
+
***@over
−
| attached to an UW that has transitivity
+
***@right
−
|-
+
***@side
−
| [[@troublesome]]
+
***@top
−
| Troublesome feeling of the speaker about the occurrence of something
+
***@under
−
|-
+
***@within
−
| [[@unavoidable]]
+
**position
−
| Unavoidable feeling of the speaker about doing something
+
***@contact
−
|-
+
***@far
−
| [[@unreal]]
+
***@near
−
| Unreality that something is true or happens
+
**direction
−
|-
+
***@across
−
| [[@vocative]]
+
***@along
−
| Vocative
+
***@clockwise
−
|-
+
***@down
−
| [[@want]]
+
***@from
−
| Desire to do something
+
***@through
−
|-
+
***@throughout
−
| [[@will]]
+
***@to
−
| Determination to do something
+
***@towards
−
|-
+
***@up
−
| [[@wish]]
+
*[[polarity]] (POLA)
−
| Wishful feeling, to wish something is true or has happened
+
**@yes (affirmative)
−
|-
+
**@not (negative)
−
| [[@yet]]
+
**@maybe (dubitative)
−
| Expresses an event or a state that has not yet started or ended/completed, together with @not
+
*[[quantification]] (QUAA)
−
|}
+
**@any (any) (existential quantifier)
−
</div>
+
**@all (all) (universal quantifier)
 +
**@entire (entire)
 +
**@generic (no quantification)
 +
**@half (half)
 +
**@majority (a major part)
 +
**@minority (a minor part)
 +
**@no (none)
 +
**@part (part)
 +
**@pl (plural)
 +
***@dual
 +
***@trial
 +
***@quadrual
 +
***@paucal
 +
***@multal
 +
**@singular (default)
 +
**@times (multiplicative)
 +
**@tuple (collective)
 +
**@unit (unit)
 +
*[[register]] (REGA)
 +
**@archaic
 +
**@colloquial
 +
**@dialect
 +
**@jargon
 +
**@literary
 +
**@pejorative
 +
**@slang
 +
**@taboo
 +
*[[social deixis]] (SODA)
 +
**@equivalent
 +
**@familiar
 +
**@inferior
 +
**@intimate
 +
**@polite
 +
**@reverential
 +
**@superior
 +
*[[specification]] (WHICH)
 +
**@also (also)
 +
**@circa
 +
**@def (definite)
 +
***@both (both)
 +
***@distal (far from the speaker)
 +
***@each (each)
 +
***@either (either)
 +
***@medial (near the addressee)
 +
***@other (other)
 +
***@own (own)
 +
***@proximal (near the speaker)
 +
***@same (same)
 +
***@such (such)
 +
**@even
 +
**@indef (indefinite)
 +
***@certain (certain)
 +
***@wh
 +
**@neither
 +
**@only
 +
**@ordinal (ordinal)
 +
*syntactic structures (SYNA)
 +
**conventions
 +
***@angle_bracket
 +
***@brace
 +
***@double_parenthesis
 +
***@double_quote
 +
***@parenthesis
 +
***@single_quote
 +
***@square_bracket
 +
**@entry (sentence head)
 +
**@relative (relative clause head)
 +
**@speech (direct speech)
 +
**@title (title)
 +
**@vocative (vocative)
 +
*[[time]] (WHEN)
 +
**absolute tense
 +
***@past: at a time before the moment of utterance
 +
***@present: at the moment of utterance
 +
***@future: at a time after the moment of utterance
 +
***@recent: close to the moment of utterance
 +
***@remote: remote from the moment of utterance
 +
**relative tense
 +
***@anterior: before some other time other than the time of utterance
 +
***@posterior: after some other time other than the time of utterance
 +
**other
 +
***@after
 +
***@before
 +
***@during
 +
***@following
 +
***@prior_to
 +
***@since
 +
***@subsequent_to
 +
***@until
 +
*[[voice]] (VOIA)
 +
**@active: He built this house in 1895
 +
**@passive: This house was built in 1895.
 +
**@reflexive: He killed himself.
 +
**@reciprocal: They killed each other.
 +
}}

Latest revision as of 15:06, 19 February 2015

Universal Attributes are arcs linking a node to itself. In opposition to Universal Relations, they correspond to one-place predicates, i.e., functions that take a single argument. In UNL, attributes have been normally used to represent information conveyed by natural language grammatical categories (such as tense, mood, aspect, number, etc). The set of attributes, which is claimed to be universal, is defined in the UNL Specs and is not open to frequent additions.

Syntax

The syntax of attributes is defined as follows: 

<attribute>      ::= "@"<attribute name>
<attribute name> ::= <character>+
<character>      ::= {“a”,...,“z”,“_”}

where:
< > variable
" " terminal symbol
::=... is defined as ...
{ } disjunction ("or")
+ to be used one or more times
... to be repeated more than 0 times

Attribute names are always lower case words or expressions. Normally, English words ("past", "will") or mnemonic abbreviations ("def", "pl") are used for attribute labelling. No blank space is allowed inside an attribute name.

Semantics

Attributes are annotations made to nodes or hypernodes of a UNL hypergraph. They denote the circumstances under which these nodes (or hypernodes) are used.

Attributes may convey three different kinds of information:

  • The information on the role of the node in the UNL graph (as in the case for '@entry', that indicates the main (starting) node of a UNL directed graph);
  • The information conveyed by bound morphemes and closed classes, such as affixes (gender, number, tense, aspect, mood, voice, etc), determiners (articles and demonstratives), adpositions (prepositions, postpositions and circumpositions), conjunctions, auxiliary and quasi-auxiliary verbs (auxiliaries, modals, coverbs, preverbs) and degree adverbs (specifiers).
  • The information on the (external) context of the utterance, i.e., non-verbal elements of communication, such as prosody, sentence and text structure, politeness, schemes, social deixis and speech acts.

Set of attributes 

List of attributes in alphabetical order

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