Tagset
From UNL Wiki
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[http://www.unlweb.net/unlarium/dictionary/export_tagset.php List of tags in alphabetical order] | [http://www.unlweb.net/unlarium/dictionary/export_tagset.php List of tags in alphabetical order] | ||
| − | + | {{#tree:id=tagset|openlevels=0|root=att| | |
| − | {{#tree:id=tagset|openlevels=0|root= | + | *[[animacy]] (ANIA) |
| − | + | **@person | |
| − | + | **@thing | |
| − | + | *[[aspect]] (ASPA) | |
| − | *[[ | + | **@causative: causative |
| − | ** | + | **@continuative: continuous |
| − | + | **@experiential: experience | |
| − | + | **@habitual: habitual | |
| − | + | **@imperfective: uncompleted | |
| − | + | **@inceptive: beginning | |
| − | + | **@inchoative: change of state | |
| − | + | **@iterative: repetition | |
| − | + | **@perfect: perfect | |
| − | + | **@perfective: completed | |
| − | + | **@permissive: permissive | |
| − | ** | + | **@persistent: persistent |
| − | + | **@progressive: ongoing | |
| − | + | **@prospective: imminent | |
| − | + | **@result: result | |
| − | + | **@terminative: cessation | |
| − | + | *[[degree]] (DEGA) | |
| − | + | **@almost: approximative | |
| − | + | **@also: repetitive | |
| − | + | **positive | |
| − | + | ***@again: iterative | |
| − | + | ***@emphasis: emphasis | |
| − | + | ***@enough: sufficiently (enough) | |
| − | *[[aspect]] ( | + | ***@extra: excessively (too) |
| − | **causative | + | ***@minus: downtoned (a little) |
| − | ** | + | ***@plus: intensified (very) |
| − | + | **comparative | |
| − | + | ***@more: comparative of superiority | |
| − | ** | + | ***@less: comparative of inferiority |
| − | ** | + | ***@equal: comparative of equality |
| − | ** | + | **superlative |
| − | ** | + | ***@most: superlative of superiority |
| − | ** | + | ***@least: superlative of inferiority |
| − | + | *[[emotion]]s (FEEL) | |
| − | ** | + | **@anger |
| − | ** | + | **@attention |
| − | ** | + | **@consent |
| − | ** | + | **@contentment |
| − | ** | + | **@disagreement |
| − | * | + | **@discontentment |
| − | * | + | **@dissent |
| − | ** | + | **@hesitation |
| − | ** | + | **@pain |
| − | ** | + | **@relief |
| − | + | **@surprise | |
| − | + | **@weariness | |
| − | + | *[[figure of speech]] (FIGA) | |
| − | *[[ | + | **Schemes |
| − | ** | + | ***@brachylogia: omission of conjunctions between a series of words |
| − | ** | + | ***@chiasmus: reversal of grammatical structures in successive clauses |
| − | ** | + | ***@climax: arrangement of words in order of increasing importance |
| − | ** | + | ***@consonance: repetition of consonant sounds without the repetition of the vowel sounds |
| − | * | + | ***@ellipsis: omission of words |
| − | ** | + | ***@epanalepsis: repetition of the initial word or words of a clause or sentence at the end of the clause or sentence |
| − | * | + | ***@interruption: insertion of a clause or sentence in a place where it interrupts the natural flow of the sentence |
| − | ** | + | ***@parallelism: use of similar structures in two or more clauses |
| − | * | + | ***@pleonasm: Use of superfluous or redundant words |
| − | ** | + | ***@polyptoton: repetition of words derived from the same root |
| − | * | + | ***@polysyndeton: repetition of conjunctions |
| − | ** | + | ***@symploce: combination of anaphora and epistrophe |
| − | * | + | **Tropes |
| − | ** | + | ***@anthropomorphism: Ascribing human characteristics to something that is not human, such as an animal or a god (see zoomorphism) |
| − | * | + | ***@antiphrasis: Word or words used contradictory to their usual meaning, often with irony |
| − | ** | + | ***@antonomasia: Substitution of a phrase for a proper name or vice versa |
| − | ** | + | ***@catachresis: use an existing word to denote something that has no name in the current language |
| − | * | + | ***@double_negative: Grammar construction that can be used as an expression and it is the repetition of negative words |
| − | ** | + | ***@dysphemism: Substitution of a harsher, more offensive, or more disagreeable term for another. Opposite of euphemism |
| − | * | + | ***@epanorthosis: Immediate and emphatic self-correction, often following a slip of the tongue |
| − | * | + | ***@euphemism: Substitution of a less offensive or more agreeable term for another |
| − | + | ***@hyperbole: Use of exaggerated terms for emphasis | |
| − | + | ***@irony: Use of word in a way that conveys a meaning opposite to its usual meaning | |
| − | + | ***@metaphor: Stating one entity is another for the purpose of comparing them in quality | |
| − | + | ***@metonymy: Substitution of a word to suggest what is really meant | |
| − | + | ***@onomatopoeia: Words that sound like their meaning | |
| − | + | ***@oxymoron: Using two terms together, that normally contradict each other | |
| − | + | ***@paradox: Use of apparently contradictory ideas to point out some underlying truth | |
| − | + | ***@paronomasia: A form of pun, in which words similar in sound but with different meanings are used | |
| − | + | ***@periphrasis: Using several words instead of few | |
| − | + | ***@repetition: Repeated usage of word(s)/group of words in the same sentence to create a poetic/rhythmic effect | |
| − | + | ***@synecdoche: Form of metonymy, in which a part stands for the whole | |
| − | + | ***@synesthesia: Description of one kind of sense impression by using words that normally describe another. | |
| − | + | ***@zoomorphism: Applying animal characteristics to humans or gods | |
| − | + | *[[gender]] (GENA) | |
| − | + | **@female | |
| − | + | **@male | |
| − | + | **@neutral | |
| − | **comparative | + | *[[information structure]] (ISTA) |
| − | + | **@comment: what is being said about the topic | |
| − | + | **@focus: information that is contrary to the presuppositions of the interlocutor | |
| − | **superlative | + | **@topic: what is being talked about |
| − | *** | + | *[[lexical category]] (LEXA) |
| − | *** | + | **@adjective |
| − | *[[ | + | **@adverb |
| − | ** | + | **@noun |
| − | ** | + | **@verb |
| − | ** | + | *[[manner]] (HOW) |
| − | ** | + | **@according_to |
| − | ** | + | **@against |
| − | ** | + | **@although |
| − | ** | + | **@and |
| − | ** | + | **@as |
| − | * | + | **@as.@if |
| − | ** | + | **@as_far_as |
| − | ** | + | **@as_of |
| − | ** | + | **@as_per |
| − | *[[ | + | **@as_regards |
| − | ** | + | **@as_well_as |
| − | ** | + | **@barring |
| − | * | + | **@because |
| − | ** | + | **@because_of |
| − | * | + | **@besides |
| − | * | + | **@but |
| − | ** | + | **@by |
| − | ** | + | **@by_means_of |
| − | * | + | **@concerning |
| − | ** | + | **@despite |
| − | * | + | **@due_to |
| − | ** | + | **@even.@if |
| − | * | + | **@except |
| − | ** | + | **@except.@if |
| − | * | + | **@except_for |
| − | ** | + | **@excluding |
| − | * | + | **@failing |
| − | ** | + | **@for |
| − | * | + | **@given |
| − | ** | + | **@if |
| − | * | + | **@if.@only |
| − | *** | + | **@in_accordance_with |
| − | *** | + | **@in_addition_to |
| − | + | **@in_case | |
| − | + | **@in_case_of | |
| − | ** | + | **@in_favor_of |
| − | * | + | **@in_place_of |
| − | ** | + | **@in_spite_of |
| − | ** | + | **@including |
| − | * | + | **@instead_of |
| − | ** | + | **@like |
| − | * | + | **@notwithstanding |
| − | *** | + | **@off |
| − | *** | + | **@on_account_of |
| − | ** | + | **@on_behalf_of |
| − | * | + | **@or |
| − | *** | + | **@owing_to |
| − | + | **@pace | |
| − | + | **@per | |
| − | *** | + | **@pursuant_to |
| − | *** | + | **@qua |
| − | *** | + | **@regarding |
| − | *** | + | **@regardless_of |
| − | *** | + | **@save |
| − | ** | + | **@so |
| − | * | + | **@than |
| − | ** | + | **@thanks_to |
| − | * | + | **@that_of |
| − | ** | + | **@unless |
| − | * | + | **@unlike |
| − | ** | + | **@versus |
| − | * | + | **@with |
| − | ** | + | **@with_regard_to |
| − | * | + | **@with_relation_to |
| − | ** | + | **@with_respect_to |
| − | * | + | **@without |
| − | ** | + | **@worth |
| − | * | + | *[[modality]] (MODA) |
| − | ** | + | **@ability |
| − | * | + | **@advice |
| − | ** | + | **@agreement |
| − | * | + | **@assertion |
| − | * | + | **@assumption |
| − | ** | + | **@belief |
| − | ** | + | **@command |
| − | ** | + | **@conclusion |
| − | *[[ | + | **@condition |
| − | ** | + | **@confirmation |
| − | ** | + | **@consequence |
| − | ** | + | **@conviction |
| − | * | + | **@decision |
| − | ** | + | **@deduction |
| − | ** | + | **@desire |
| − | ** | + | **@determination |
| − | ** | + | **@doubt |
| − | + | **@exclamation | |
| − | + | **@exhortation | |
| − | + | **@expectation | |
| − | + | **@fear | |
| − | + | **@hope | |
| − | *[[ | + | **@hypothesis |
| − | ** | + | **@intention |
| − | ** | + | **@interrogation |
| − | ** | + | **@invitation |
| − | ** | + | **@judgement |
| − | ** | + | **@narrative |
| − | ** | + | **@necessity |
| − | ** | + | **@obligation |
| − | ** | + | **@opinion |
| − | ** | + | **@permission |
| − | ** | + | **@possibility |
| − | * | + | **@prediction |
| − | ** | + | **@presumption |
| − | ** | + | **@probability |
| − | ** | + | **@prohibition |
| − | ** | + | **@promise |
| − | ** | + | **@regret |
| − | ** | + | **@request |
| − | ** | + | **@speculation |
| − | ** | + | **@suggestion |
| − | ** | + | **@threat |
| − | ** | + | **@warning |
| − | ** | + | *[[nominal attributes] (NOUA) |
| − | ** | + | **@about |
| − | ** | + | **@round |
| − | ** | + | **@of |
| − | ** | + | *[[person]] (PERA) |
| − | ** | + | **@1 (first person: speaker) |
| − | ** | + | **@2 (second person: addressee) |
| − | ** | + | **@3 (third person) |
| − | ** | + | *[[place]] (WHERE) |
| − | **** | + | **location |
| − | ** | + | ***@above |
| − | ** | + | ***@among |
| − | ** | + | ***@around |
| − | ** | + | ***@at |
| − | ** | + | ***@back |
| − | ** | + | ***@behind |
| − | ** | + | ***@below |
| − | ** | + | ***@beside |
| − | ** | + | ***@between |
| − | ** | + | ***@bottom |
| − | ** | + | ***@front |
| − | ** | + | ***@in |
| − | ** | + | ***@in_front_of |
| − | ** | + | ***@in_place_of |
| − | ** | + | ***@inside |
| − | ** | + | ***@left |
| − | ** | + | ***@near_to |
| − | ** | + | ***@on |
| − | ** | + | ***@on_top_of |
| − | ** | + | ***@opposite |
| − | ** | + | ***@outside |
| − | ** | + | ***@over |
| − | ** | + | ***@right |
| − | ** | + | ***@side |
| − | ** | + | ***@top |
| − | ** | + | ***@under |
| − | ** | + | ***@within |
| − | ** | + | **position |
| − | ** | + | ***@contact |
| − | ** | + | ***@far |
| − | ** | + | ***@near |
| − | ** | + | **direction |
| − | ** | + | ***@across |
| − | ** | + | ***@along |
| − | ** | + | ***@clockwise |
| − | + | ***@down | |
| − | ** | + | ***@from |
| − | ** | + | ***@through |
| − | ** | + | ***@throughout |
| − | ** | + | ***@to |
| − | ** | + | ***@towards |
| − | ** | + | ***@up |
| − | ** | + | *[[polarity]] (POLA) |
| − | ** | + | **@yes (affirmative) |
| − | ** | + | **@not (negative) |
| − | ** | + | **@maybe (dubitative) |
| − | ** | + | *[[quantification]] (QUAA) |
| − | ** | + | **@any (any) (existential quantifier) |
| − | ** | + | **@all (all) (universal quantifier) |
| − | ** | + | **@entire (entire) |
| − | ** | + | **@generic (no quantification) |
| − | ** | + | **@half (half) |
| − | ** | + | **@majority (a major part) |
| − | ** | + | **@minority (a minor part) |
| − | ** | + | **@no (none) |
| − | ** | + | **@part (part) |
| − | ** | + | **@pl (plural) |
| − | ** | + | ***@dual |
| − | ** | + | ***@trial |
| − | ** | + | ***@quadrual |
| − | ** | + | ***@paucal |
| − | ** | + | ***@multal |
| − | ** | + | **@singular (default) |
| − | ** | + | **@times (multiplicative) |
| − | ** | + | **@tuple (collective) |
| − | ** | + | **@unit (unit) |
| − | ** | + | *[[register]] (REGA) |
| − | ** | + | **@archaic |
| − | ** | + | **@colloquial |
| − | ** | + | **@dialect |
| − | ** | + | **@jargon |
| − | * | + | **@literary |
| − | * | + | **@pejorative |
| − | ** | + | **@slang |
| − | ** | + | **@taboo |
| − | ** | + | *[[social deixis]] (SODA) |
| − | ** | + | **@equivalent |
| − | ** | + | **@familiar |
| − | ** | + | **@inferior |
| − | ** | + | **@intimate |
| − | ** | + | **@polite |
| − | + | **@reverential | |
| − | + | **@superior | |
| − | + | *[[specification]] (WHICH) | |
| − | *[[ | + | **@also (also) |
| − | ** | + | **@circa |
| − | ** | + | **@def (definite) |
| − | * | + | ***@both (both) |
| − | * | + | ***@distal (far from the speaker) |
| − | + | ***@each (each) | |
| − | + | ***@either (either) | |
| − | + | ***@medial (near the addressee) | |
| − | + | ***@other (other) | |
| − | + | ***@own (own) | |
| − | + | ***@proximal (near the speaker) | |
| − | + | ***@same (same) | |
| − | *[[ | + | ***@such (such) |
| − | ** | + | **@even |
| − | ** | + | **@indef (indefinite) |
| − | ** | + | ***@certain (certain) |
| − | + | ***@wh | |
| − | + | **@neither | |
| − | + | **@only | |
| − | + | **@ordinal (ordinal) | |
| − | + | *syntactic structures (SYNA) | |
| − | + | **conventions | |
| − | *[[ | + | ***@angle_bracket |
| − | ** | + | ***@brace |
| − | *** | + | ***@double_parenthesis |
| − | *** | + | ***@double_quote |
| − | *** | + | ***@parenthesis |
| − | *** | + | ***@single_quote |
| − | *** | + | ***@square_bracket |
| − | *** | + | **@entry (sentence head) |
| − | *** | + | **@relative (relative clause head) |
| − | *** | + | **@speech (direct speech) |
| − | ** | + | **@title (title) |
| − | * | + | **@vocative (vocative) |
| − | *** | + | *[[time]] (WHEN) |
| − | *** | + | **absolute tense |
| − | *** | + | ***@past: at a time before the moment of utterance |
| − | *** | + | ***@present: at the moment of utterance |
| − | *** | + | ***@future: at a time after the moment of utterance |
| − | *** | + | ***@recent: close to the moment of utterance |
| − | *** | + | ***@remote: remote from the moment of utterance |
| − | ** | + | **relative tense |
| − | * | + | ***@anterior: before some other time other than the time of utterance |
| − | *** | + | ***@posterior: after some other time other than the time of utterance |
| − | *** | + | **other |
| − | *** | + | ***@after |
| − | *** | + | ***@before |
| − | *** | + | ***@during |
| − | *** | + | ***@following |
| − | *** | + | ***@prior_to |
| − | ** | + | ***@since |
| − | * | + | ***@subsequent_to |
| − | *** | + | ***@until |
| − | *** | + | *[[voice]] (VOIA) |
| − | ** | + | **@active: He built this house in 1895 |
| − | *** | + | **@passive: This house was built in 1895. |
| − | *** | + | **@reflexive: He killed himself. |
| − | *** | + | **@reciprocal: They killed each other. |
| − | ** | + | |
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}} | }} | ||
Revision as of 17:06, 24 October 2014
The set of features in a UNL-driven dictionary depends on the structure of the natural language and may vary a lot. However, in order to better standardize lexical resources inside the UNL framework, the UNDL Foundation recommends the adoption of the following tags for some specific and pervasive grammatical phenomena. Several of those linguistic constants have been already proposed to the Data Category Registry (ISO 12620), and represent widely accepted linguistic concepts. Our main intention here is just to provide a harmonized system to be shared by the UNL community so as to make dictionaries as easily understandable and exchangeable as possible.
When to use the UNDLF Tagset
The UNDLF Tagset is required for providing lexical resources (dictionary entries and grammar rules) in the UNLarium framework, which has been already prepared to accept only the tags here presented. In most cases, the use of tags is rather unnoticeable and effortless, since users are supposed to make higher-level choices ("adjective", for instance) which will be internally represented through the corresponding authorized labels ("ADJ"). However, in several circumstances, as when creating inflectional paradigms or subcategorization frames, users are expected to address more fine-grained linguistic phenomena that may require a specialized metalanguage. That's exactly the purpose of this tagset: to provide the technical means for describing any linguistic behaviour. And it should do that in a strongly standardised way, i.e., so that others could easily understand and exploit the data for their own benefit.
General Guidelines
In order to define the tags to be used in the UNDLF Tagset, the following premises were adopted:
- Tags should be as comprehensive as possible (i.e., they should cover all widely accepted linguistic concepts)
- Tags should be as few as possible (i.e., they should avoid redundancy)
- Tags should be as short as possible (i.e., they should fit in a three-character string)
- Tags should be as mnemonic as possible (i.e., they should be provided through English acronyms or abbreviations)
- Tags should constitute a taxonomic hierarchy (so that upper level values could be inferred from the lower ones).
Additionally, the following conventions were adopted:
- Tags are written in upper case letters;
- Negation is represented by prefixation with "N-" (past = PAS, nonpast = NPAS).
We have tried to stick to the standard abbreviations proposed by the Leipzig Glossing Rules and by David Crystal in A dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics (2008), as much as they comply with the rules above. The resulting set of tags, which is still subject to additions and revisions, is presented below. For the time being, the definitions and examples have been extracted out of the Glossary of Linguistic Terms (Loos et alii), available at SIL International. The tags are expected to migrate to an on-line environment, still under construction, where accredited linguists will have the opportunity to enhance and improve this repertoire.
Tree of attributes and values
The hierarchy of tags is depicted in the tree below. The topmost level represents the attributes of which the tags are a value. Lower positions subsume upper levels (for instance: progressive is a value of continuative, which is a value of imperfective, which is a value of the attribute aspect), but are not mandatory, as they can be too specialized ("go" is just a verb, and not any of the subcategories of verb). In any case, natural language phenomena should be classified as deep as possible in the tagset structure ("un-" should be classified as a prefix, rather than as an affix).
List of tags in alphabetical order
{{#tree:id=tagset|openlevels=0|root=att|
- animacy (ANIA)
- @person
- @thing
- aspect (ASPA)
- @causative: causative
- @continuative: continuous
- @experiential: experience
- @habitual: habitual
- @imperfective: uncompleted
- @inceptive: beginning
- @inchoative: change of state
- @iterative: repetition
- @perfect: perfect
- @perfective: completed
- @permissive: permissive
- @persistent: persistent
- @progressive: ongoing
- @prospective: imminent
- @result: result
- @terminative: cessation
- degree (DEGA)
- @almost: approximative
- @also: repetitive
- positive
- @again: iterative
- @emphasis: emphasis
- @enough: sufficiently (enough)
- @extra: excessively (too)
- @minus: downtoned (a little)
- @plus: intensified (very)
- comparative
- @more: comparative of superiority
- @less: comparative of inferiority
- @equal: comparative of equality
- superlative
- @most: superlative of superiority
- @least: superlative of inferiority
- emotions (FEEL)
- @anger
- @attention
- @consent
- @contentment
- @disagreement
- @discontentment
- @dissent
- @hesitation
- @pain
- @relief
- @surprise
- @weariness
- figure of speech (FIGA)
- Schemes
- @brachylogia: omission of conjunctions between a series of words
- @chiasmus: reversal of grammatical structures in successive clauses
- @climax: arrangement of words in order of increasing importance
- @consonance: repetition of consonant sounds without the repetition of the vowel sounds
- @ellipsis: omission of words
- @epanalepsis: repetition of the initial word or words of a clause or sentence at the end of the clause or sentence
- @interruption: insertion of a clause or sentence in a place where it interrupts the natural flow of the sentence
- @parallelism: use of similar structures in two or more clauses
- @pleonasm: Use of superfluous or redundant words
- @polyptoton: repetition of words derived from the same root
- @polysyndeton: repetition of conjunctions
- @symploce: combination of anaphora and epistrophe
- Tropes
- @anthropomorphism: Ascribing human characteristics to something that is not human, such as an animal or a god (see zoomorphism)
- @antiphrasis: Word or words used contradictory to their usual meaning, often with irony
- @antonomasia: Substitution of a phrase for a proper name or vice versa
- @catachresis: use an existing word to denote something that has no name in the current language
- @double_negative: Grammar construction that can be used as an expression and it is the repetition of negative words
- @dysphemism: Substitution of a harsher, more offensive, or more disagreeable term for another. Opposite of euphemism
- @epanorthosis: Immediate and emphatic self-correction, often following a slip of the tongue
- @euphemism: Substitution of a less offensive or more agreeable term for another
- @hyperbole: Use of exaggerated terms for emphasis
- @irony: Use of word in a way that conveys a meaning opposite to its usual meaning
- @metaphor: Stating one entity is another for the purpose of comparing them in quality
- @metonymy: Substitution of a word to suggest what is really meant
- @onomatopoeia: Words that sound like their meaning
- @oxymoron: Using two terms together, that normally contradict each other
- @paradox: Use of apparently contradictory ideas to point out some underlying truth
- @paronomasia: A form of pun, in which words similar in sound but with different meanings are used
- @periphrasis: Using several words instead of few
- @repetition: Repeated usage of word(s)/group of words in the same sentence to create a poetic/rhythmic effect
- @synecdoche: Form of metonymy, in which a part stands for the whole
- @synesthesia: Description of one kind of sense impression by using words that normally describe another.
- @zoomorphism: Applying animal characteristics to humans or gods
- Schemes
- gender (GENA)
- @female
- @male
- @neutral
- information structure (ISTA)
- @comment: what is being said about the topic
- @focus: information that is contrary to the presuppositions of the interlocutor
- @topic: what is being talked about
- lexical category (LEXA)
- @adjective
- @adverb
- @noun
- @verb
- manner (HOW)
- @according_to
- @against
- @although
- @and
- @as
- @as.@if
- @as_far_as
- @as_of
- @as_per
- @as_regards
- @as_well_as
- @barring
- @because
- @because_of
- @besides
- @but
- @by
- @by_means_of
- @concerning
- @despite
- @due_to
- @even.@if
- @except
- @except.@if
- @except_for
- @excluding
- @failing
- @for
- @given
- @if
- @if.@only
- @in_accordance_with
- @in_addition_to
- @in_case
- @in_case_of
- @in_favor_of
- @in_place_of
- @in_spite_of
- @including
- @instead_of
- @like
- @notwithstanding
- @off
- @on_account_of
- @on_behalf_of
- @or
- @owing_to
- @pace
- @per
- @pursuant_to
- @qua
- @regarding
- @regardless_of
- @save
- @so
- @than
- @thanks_to
- @that_of
- @unless
- @unlike
- @versus
- @with
- @with_regard_to
- @with_relation_to
- @with_respect_to
- @without
- @worth
- modality (MODA)
- @ability
- @advice
- @agreement
- @assertion
- @assumption
- @belief
- @command
- @conclusion
- @condition
- @confirmation
- @consequence
- @conviction
- @decision
- @deduction
- @desire
- @determination
- @doubt
- @exclamation
- @exhortation
- @expectation
- @fear
- @hope
- @hypothesis
- @intention
- @interrogation
- @invitation
- @judgement
- @narrative
- @necessity
- @obligation
- @opinion
- @permission
- @possibility
- @prediction
- @presumption
- @probability
- @prohibition
- @promise
- @regret
- @request
- @speculation
- @suggestion
- @threat
- @warning
- [[nominal attributes] (NOUA)
- @about
- @round
- @of
- person (PERA)
- @1 (first person: speaker)
- @2 (second person: addressee)
- @3 (third person)
- place (WHERE)
- location
- @above
- @among
- @around
- @at
- @back
- @behind
- @below
- @beside
- @between
- @bottom
- @front
- @in
- @in_front_of
- @in_place_of
- @inside
- @left
- @near_to
- @on
- @on_top_of
- @opposite
- @outside
- @over
- @right
- @side
- @top
- @under
- @within
- position
- @contact
- @far
- @near
- direction
- @across
- @along
- @clockwise
- @down
- @from
- @through
- @throughout
- @to
- @towards
- @up
- location
- polarity (POLA)
- @yes (affirmative)
- @not (negative)
- @maybe (dubitative)
- quantification (QUAA)
- @any (any) (existential quantifier)
- @all (all) (universal quantifier)
- @entire (entire)
- @generic (no quantification)
- @half (half)
- @majority (a major part)
- @minority (a minor part)
- @no (none)
- @part (part)
- @pl (plural)
- @dual
- @trial
- @quadrual
- @paucal
- @multal
- @singular (default)
- @times (multiplicative)
- @tuple (collective)
- @unit (unit)
- register (REGA)
- @archaic
- @colloquial
- @dialect
- @jargon
- @literary
- @pejorative
- @slang
- @taboo
- social deixis (SODA)
- @equivalent
- @familiar
- @inferior
- @intimate
- @polite
- @reverential
- @superior
- specification (WHICH)
- @also (also)
- @circa
- @def (definite)
- @both (both)
- @distal (far from the speaker)
- @each (each)
- @either (either)
- @medial (near the addressee)
- @other (other)
- @own (own)
- @proximal (near the speaker)
- @same (same)
- @such (such)
- @even
- @indef (indefinite)
- @certain (certain)
- @wh
- @neither
- @only
- @ordinal (ordinal)
- syntactic structures (SYNA)
- conventions
- @angle_bracket
- @brace
- @double_parenthesis
- @double_quote
- @parenthesis
- @single_quote
- @square_bracket
- @entry (sentence head)
- @relative (relative clause head)
- @speech (direct speech)
- @title (title)
- @vocative (vocative)
- conventions
- time (WHEN)
- absolute tense
- @past: at a time before the moment of utterance
- @present: at the moment of utterance
- @future: at a time after the moment of utterance
- @recent: close to the moment of utterance
- @remote: remote from the moment of utterance
- relative tense
- @anterior: before some other time other than the time of utterance
- @posterior: after some other time other than the time of utterance
- other
- @after
- @before
- @during
- @following
- @prior_to
- @since
- @subsequent_to
- @until
- absolute tense
- voice (VOIA)
- @active: He built this house in 1895
- @passive: This house was built in 1895.
- @reflexive: He killed himself.
- @reciprocal: They killed each other.
}}
