Tagset

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== When to use the UNDLF Tagset ==
 
== When to use the UNDLF Tagset ==
  
The UNDLF Tagset is required for providing lexical resources (dictionary entries and grammar rules) in the [http://www.undlfoundation.org/unlarium UNL<sup>arium</sup>] framework, which has been already prepared to accept only the tags here presented. In most cases, the use of tags is rather unnoticeable and effortless, since users are supposed to make higher-level choices ("adjective", for instance) which will be internally represented through the corresponding authorized labels ("ADJ"). However, in several circumstances, as when creating inflectional paradigms or subcategorization frames, users are expected to address more fine-grained linguistic phenomena that may require a specialized metalanguage. That's exactly the purpose of this tagset: to provide the technical means for describing any linguistic behaviour. And it should do that in a strongly standardised way, i.e., so that others could easily understand and exploit the data for their own benefit.
+
The UNDLF Tagset is required for providing lexical resources (dictionary entries and grammar rules) in the [http://www.undlfoundation.org/unlarium UNLarium] framework. Indeed, the whole environment has been already prepared to accept only the tags here presented. In most cases, the use of tags is rather unnoticeable and effortless, since users are supposed to make higher-level choices ("adjective", for instance) which will be internally represented through the corresponding authorized labels ("ADJ"). However, in several circumstances, as when creating inflectional paradigms or subcategorization frames, users are expected to address more fine-grained linguistic phenomena that may require a specialized metalanguage. That's exactly the purpose of this tagset: to provide the technical means for describing any linguistic behaviour. And it should do that in a strongly standardised way, i.e., so that others could easily understand and exploit the data for their own benefit.
  
 
== General Guidelines ==  
 
== General Guidelines ==  
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*Negation is represented by prefixation with "N-" (past = PAS, nonpast = NPAS).
 
*Negation is represented by prefixation with "N-" (past = PAS, nonpast = NPAS).
  
We have tried to stick to the standard abbreviations proposed by the [http://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/resources/glossing-rules.php Leipzig Glossing Rules] and by David Crystal in ''A dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics'' (2008), as much as they comply with the rules above. The resulting set of tags, which is still subject to additions and revisions, is presented below. For the time being, the definitions and examples have been extracted out of the ''Glossary of Linguistic Terms'' (Loos et alii), available at [http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/ SIL International]. The tags are expected to migrate to an on-line environment, still under construction, where accredited linguists will have the opportunity to enhance and improve this repertoire.
+
We have tried to stick to the standard abbreviations proposed by the [http://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/resources/glossing-rules.php Leipzig Glossing Rules] and by David Crystal in ''A dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics'' (2008), as much as they comply with the rules above. The resulting set of tags, which is still subject to additions and revisions, is presented below. For the time being, the definitions and examples have been extracted out of the ''Glossary of Linguistic Terms'' (Loos et alii), available at [http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/ SIL International]. The tags are expected to migrate to an on-line environment, still under construction, where accredited linguists will have the opportunity to enhance and to improve this repertoire.
  
 
== Tree of attributes and values ==
 
== Tree of attributes and values ==
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{{#tree:id=tagset|openlevels=0|root=Tags|
 
{{#tree:id=tagset|openlevels=0|root=Tags|
*abstractness (ABN)
+
 
 +
*[[abstractness]] (ABN)
 
**abstract (ABT)
 
**abstract (ABT)
 
**concrete (CCT)
 
**concrete (CCT)
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**alienable (ALI)
 
**alienable (ALI)
 
**unalienable (NALI)
 
**unalienable (NALI)
*animacy (ANI)
+
*[[animacy]] (ANI)
 
**animate (ANM)
 
**animate (ANM)
 
**inanimate (NANM)
 
**inanimate (NANM)
 
*[[aspect]] (ASP)
 
*[[aspect]] (ASP)
 +
**aorist (AOR)
 
**causative (CAU)
 
**causative (CAU)
 
**perfective (PFV)
 
**perfective (PFV)
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**collective (COL)
 
**collective (COL)
 
**more than one referent (PLU)
 
**more than one referent (PLU)
*[[attribute]]s (att)
 
**animacy attributes (ANIA)
 
**aspect attributes (ASPA)
 
**degree attributes (DEGA)
 
**emotion attributes (FEEL)
 
**figure of speech attributes (FIGA)
 
**gender attributes (GENA)
 
**lexical attributes (LEXA)
 
**manner attributes (HOW)
 
**modality attributes (MODA)
 
**person attributes (PERA)
 
**polarity attributes (POLA)
 
**place attributes (WHERE)
 
**quantification attributes (QUAA)
 
**register attributes (REGA)
 
**social deixis attributes (SODA)
 
**specification attributes (WHICH)
 
**syntactic structures (SYNA)
 
**time attributes (WHEN)
 
**voice attribute (VOIA)
 
 
*[[case]] (CAS)
 
*[[case]] (CAS)
 
**abessive (ABE)
 
**abessive (ABE)
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**benefactive (BEN)
 
**benefactive (BEN)
 
**comitative (CMT)
 
**comitative (CMT)
 +
**construct state (CTS)
 
**dative (DAT)
 
**dative (DAT)
 
**delative (DEL)
 
**delative (DEL)
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**specificied (SPC)
 
**specificied (SPC)
 
*[[degree]] (DEG)
 
*[[degree]] (DEG)
 +
**augmentative (AUG)
 
**comparative (CMP)
 
**comparative (CMP)
 +
**diminutive (DIM)
 
**positive (PST)
 
**positive (PST)
 
**superlative (SUP)
 
**superlative (SUP)
 +
***absolute superlative (SUPA)
 +
***comparative superlative (SUPR)
 
*[[distribution]] (DIS)
 
*[[distribution]] (DIS)
 
**after (AFT)
 
**after (AFT)
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**[[noun]] (N)
 
**[[noun]] (N)
 
**[[numeral]] (U)
 
**[[numeral]] (U)
 +
**[[noun|proper noun]] (E)
 
**[[pronoun]] (R)
 
**[[pronoun]] (R)
 
**[[verb]] (V)
 
**[[verb]] (V)
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**simple word (WRD)
 
**simple word (WRD)
 
***abbreviation (ABB) and single-word contraction
 
***abbreviation (ABB) and single-word contraction
***alternative form (ALT)
 
****short or weak form (SHO)
 
****long or strong form (STR)
 
 
***clitic (CLI)
 
***clitic (CLI)
 
**multiword expression (MTW)
 
**multiword expression (MTW)
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***judgment (JDG)
 
***judgment (JDG)
 
*[[mood]] (MOO)
 
*[[mood]] (MOO)
 +
**none (non-finite verb forms) (VBL)
 +
***gerund (GER)
 +
***gerundive (GDV)
 +
***infinitive (INF)
 +
***participle (PTP)
 +
***supine (SPN)
 
**assumptive (AUM)
 
**assumptive (AUM)
 
**causative (CAU)
 
**causative (CAU)
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***stem (STE)
 
***stem (STE)
 
**word form (WFO)
 
**word form (WFO)
 +
**alternative form (ALT)
 +
***alternative form 1 (ALT1)
 +
***alternative form 2 (ALT2)
 +
***alternative form 3 (ALT3)
 +
***short or weak form (SHO)
 +
***long or strong form (STR)
 
*[[number]] (NUM)
 
*[[number]] (NUM)
 
**singular (SNG)
 
**singular (SNG)
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**[[adjective]]s (J)
 
**[[adjective]]s (J)
 
***adjective (ADJ)
 
***adjective (ADJ)
***participle (PTP)
+
***participle (PTL)
 
**[[adposition]] (P)
 
**[[adposition]] (P)
 
***circumposition (CIR)
 
***circumposition (CIR)
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**[[noun]] (N)
 
**[[noun]] (N)
 
***common noun (NOU)
 
***common noun (NOU)
 +
**[[noun|proper noun]] (E)
 
***proper noun (PPN)
 
***proper noun (PPN)
 
**[[numeral]] (U)
 
**[[numeral]] (U)
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***first person singular (1PS)
 
***first person singular (1PS)
 
***first person plural (1PP)
 
***first person plural (1PP)
 +
****123PP (me, you and others)
 +
****13PP (me and others)
 
**second person (2PER)
 
**second person (2PER)
 
***second person singular (2PS)
 
***second person singular (2PS)
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**dialect (DIA)
 
**dialect (DIA)
 
**jargon (JGN)
 
**jargon (JGN)
 +
**literary (LIT)
 +
**pejorative (PEJ)
 
**slang (SLG)
 
**slang (SLG)
 
**taboo (TAB)
 
**taboo (TAB)
*[[relations]] (rel)
 
*semantic typology (SEM)
 
**UW's
 
***Adjective concepts
 
****age (AGE)
 
****colour (COR)
 
****dimension (DIM)
 
****human propensity (HPP)
 
****physical property (PHY)
 
****speed (SPD)
 
****value (VLE)
 
****other adjectives (JJJ)
 
***Adverbial concepts
 
****degree (DGR)
 
****manner (MAN)
 
****place (PLE)
 
****time (TME)
 
****other adverbs (AAA)
 
***Nominal concepts
 
****act or action (ACT)
 
****animal (ANL)
 
****artifact (ARF)
 
****attribute (ATR)
 
****body part (BON)
 
****cognitive noun (CGN)
 
****communication noun (CMN)
 
****feeling (FEE)
 
****food (FOO)
 
****group (GRO)
 
****location (LCT)
 
****motive (MTV)
 
****natural event (NEV)
 
****natural object (NOB)
 
****natural phenomena (PHE)
 
****plant (PLA)
 
****possession noun (PON)
 
****natural process (NAT)
 
****person (HUM)
 
****quantity (QTT)
 
****relation (REL)
 
****substance (SBS)
 
****shape (SHA)
 
****state (STA)
 
****time (TIM)
 
***Verbal concepts
 
****body action (BOV)
 
****cognitive verb (CGV)
 
****change (CHA)
 
****communication verb (CMV)
 
****competition (CPT)
 
****creation (CRE)
 
****consumption (CSM)
 
****contact (CTC)
 
****emotion (EMO)
 
****motion (MOT)
 
****perception (PCP)
 
****possession verb (POV)
 
****social (SOC)
 
****stative (STT)
 
****weather (WEA)
 
**Attributes
 
***manner attributes (HOW)
 
***place attributes (WHERE)
 
***specification attributes (WHICH)
 
***time attributes (WHEN)
 
 
*[[social deixis]] (SOD)
 
*[[social deixis]] (SOD)
 
**solidarity (SOL)
 
**solidarity (SOL)
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*[[tense]] (TNS)
 
*[[tense]] (TNS)
 
**absolute tense (ATE)
 
**absolute tense (ATE)
***present (PRS)
 
 
***past (PAS)
 
***past (PAS)
 +
***present (PRS)
 
****preterit (PTR)
 
****preterit (PTR)
 
****hesternal past tense (HEP)
 
****hesternal past tense (HEP)
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***unergative (NERG)
 
***unergative (NERG)
 
***unaccusative (NACC)
 
***unaccusative (NACC)
 +
*[[Universal Attribute]]s (att)
 +
**animacy attributes (ANIA)
 +
**aspect attributes (ASPA)
 +
**degree attributes (DEGA)
 +
**emotion attributes (FEEL)
 +
**figure of speech attributes (FIGA)
 +
**gender attributes (GENA)
 +
**information structure attributes (ISTA)
 +
**lexical attributes (LEXA)
 +
**manner attributes (HOW)
 +
**modality attributes (MODA)
 +
**person attributes (PERA)
 +
**polarity attributes (POLA)
 +
**place attributes (WHERE)
 +
**quantification attributes (QUAA)
 +
**register attributes (REGA)
 +
**social deixis attributes (SODA)
 +
**specification attributes (WHICH)
 +
**syntactic structures (SYNA)
 +
**time attributes (WHEN)
 +
**voice attribute (VOIA)
 +
*[[Universal Relations]] (rel)
 +
*[[Universal Words]] (SEM)
 +
**Adjective concepts
 +
***age (AGE)
 +
***colour (COR)
 +
***dimension (DMS)
 +
***human propensity (HPP)
 +
***physical property (PHY)
 +
***speed (SPD)
 +
***value (VLE)
 +
***other adjectives (JJJ)
 +
**Adverbial concepts
 +
***degree (DGR)
 +
***manner (MAN)
 +
***place (PLE)
 +
***time (TME)
 +
***other adverbs (AAA)
 +
**Nominal concepts
 +
***act or action (ACT)
 +
***animal (ANL)
 +
***artifact (ARF) (man-made objects)
 +
***attribute (ATR) (of people and objects)
 +
***body part (BON)
 +
***cognitive processes and contents (CGN)
 +
***communicative processes and contents (CMN)
 +
***feelings and emotions (FEE)
 +
***foods and drinks (FOO)
 +
***groupings of people or objects (GRO)
 +
***location (LCT) (spatial position)
 +
***motive (MTV) (goals)
 +
***natural events (NEV)
 +
***natural objects (NOB) (non man-made objects)
 +
***natural phenomena (PHE)
 +
***plant (PLA)
 +
***possession or transfer of possession (PON)
 +
***natural process (NAT)
 +
***person (HUM)
 +
***quantities and units of measure (QTT)
 +
***relations between people or things or ideas (REL)
 +
***substance (SBS)
 +
***shape (SHA) (two or three-dimensional shapes)
 +
***state (STA) (stable states of affairs)
 +
***time and temporal relations (TIM)
 +
**Verbal concepts
 +
***body action (BOV)
 +
***cognitive verb (CGV)
 +
***change (CHA)
 +
***communication verb (CMV)
 +
***competition (CPT)
 +
***creation (CRE)
 +
***consumption (CSM)
 +
***contact (CTC)
 +
***emotion (EMO)
 +
***motion (MOT)
 +
***perception (PCP)
 +
***possession verb (POV)
 +
***social (SOC)
 +
***stative (STT)
 +
***weather (WEA)
 
*[[valency]] (VAL)
 
*[[valency]] (VAL)
 
**avalent (VAL0)
 
**avalent (VAL0)
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**trivalent (VAL3)
 
**trivalent (VAL3)
 
**tetravalent (VAL4)
 
**tetravalent (VAL4)
*[[verbal]] (VBL)
 
**gerund (GER)
 
**gerundive (GDV)
 
**infinitive (INF)
 
**participle (PTP)
 
**supine (SPN)
 
 
*[[voice]] (VOI)
 
*[[voice]] (VOI)
 
**active voice (ACV)
 
**active voice (ACV)

Latest revision as of 12:03, 19 May 2015

The set of features in a UNL-driven dictionary depends on the structure of the natural language and may vary a lot. However, in order to better standardize lexical resources inside the UNL framework, the UNDL Foundation recommends the adoption of the following tags for some specific and pervasive grammatical phenomena. Several of those linguistic constants have been already proposed to the Data Category Registry (ISO 12620), and represent widely accepted linguistic concepts. Our main intention here is just to provide a harmonized system to be shared by the UNL community so as to make dictionaries as easily understandable and exchangeable as possible.

When to use the UNDLF Tagset

The UNDLF Tagset is required for providing lexical resources (dictionary entries and grammar rules) in the UNLarium framework. Indeed, the whole environment has been already prepared to accept only the tags here presented. In most cases, the use of tags is rather unnoticeable and effortless, since users are supposed to make higher-level choices ("adjective", for instance) which will be internally represented through the corresponding authorized labels ("ADJ"). However, in several circumstances, as when creating inflectional paradigms or subcategorization frames, users are expected to address more fine-grained linguistic phenomena that may require a specialized metalanguage. That's exactly the purpose of this tagset: to provide the technical means for describing any linguistic behaviour. And it should do that in a strongly standardised way, i.e., so that others could easily understand and exploit the data for their own benefit.

General Guidelines

In order to define the tags to be used in the UNDLF Tagset, the following premises were adopted:

  • Tags should be as comprehensive as possible (i.e., they should cover all widely accepted linguistic concepts)
  • Tags should be as few as possible (i.e., they should avoid redundancy)
  • Tags should be as short as possible (i.e., they should fit in a three-character string)
  • Tags should be as mnemonic as possible (i.e., they should be provided through English acronyms or abbreviations)
  • Tags should constitute a taxonomic hierarchy (so that upper level values could be inferred from the lower ones).

Additionally, the following conventions were adopted:

  • Tags are written in upper case letters;
  • Negation is represented by prefixation with "N-" (past = PAS, nonpast = NPAS).

We have tried to stick to the standard abbreviations proposed by the Leipzig Glossing Rules and by David Crystal in A dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics (2008), as much as they comply with the rules above. The resulting set of tags, which is still subject to additions and revisions, is presented below. For the time being, the definitions and examples have been extracted out of the Glossary of Linguistic Terms (Loos et alii), available at SIL International. The tags are expected to migrate to an on-line environment, still under construction, where accredited linguists will have the opportunity to enhance and to improve this repertoire.

Tree of attributes and values

The hierarchy of tags is depicted in the tree below. The topmost level represents the attributes of which the tags are a value. Lower positions subsume upper levels (for instance: progressive is a value of continuative, which is a value of imperfective, which is a value of the attribute aspect), but are not mandatory, as they can be too specialized ("go" is just a verb, and not any of the subcategories of verb). In any case, natural language phenomena should be classified as deep as possible in the tagset structure ("un-" should be classified as a prefix, rather than as an affix).

List of tags in alphabetical order

Software